Obituário: “Michael Ruse (1940–2024): Um Legado Incontornável na Filosofia e História da Biologia”, por Anderson Ricardo Carlos, Marcelo Monetti Pavani e Maria Elice de Brzezinski Prestes

ISSN 1982-1026

Boletim de História e Filosofia da Biologia

Volume 18, número 4
Dezembro de 2024

Publicado pela Associação Brasileira de Filosofia e História da Biologia (ABFHiB)

Obituário: “Michael Ruse (1940–2024): Um Legado Incontornável na Filosofia e História da Biologia”

Anderson Ricardo Carlos1, Marcelo Monetti Pavani2 e Maria Elice de Brzezinski Prestes3

1 Doutorando do Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades de Ensino de Ciências, USP

andersonr.carlos@usp.br

2  Mestrando do Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades de Ensino de Ciências, USP

marcelopavani@alumni.usp.br 

3 Profa. Sênior do Instituto de Biociências da USP

eprestes@ib.usp.br

Foto: Michael Ruse com seu filho não-humano, Scruffy. Fonte: arquivo pessoal disponibilizado na internet.

“Caiu um titã”.

Assim a historiadora da biologia Betty Smocovitis deu ciência em sua página do Facebook do falecimento de Michael Escott Ruse, aos 84 anos, em 1º de novembro de 2024. Notório filósofo e historiador da biologia, Ruse deixou um legado impressionante. Se referir a ele como um titã não é apenas uma deferência elegante: qualquer um que queira se aproximar dos estudos sobre filosofia e história da biologia, em especial das discussões sobre a teoria da evolução e Charles Darwin, terá que se ver às voltas com o trabalho de Ruse.

Isso porque o seu nome, junto ao de David Lee Hull (1935-2010), é axial à própria emergência da Filosofia da Biologia, nos anos 1970, como uma subárea da Filosofia da Ciência. Afinal, foram Hull e Ruse os primeiros autores a intitularem livros seus com o nome do campo. Em 1973 surgiu o livro de Ruse, Philosophy of Biology, e em 1974, o de Hull, Philosophy of Biological Science. Ruse contribuiu com a fundação da área ao criar em 1986 um periódico específico, o Philosophy & Biology, do qual foi editor até o ano de 2000.

Nascido em Birmingham, Inglaterra, em 1940, Ruse estudou num internato privado Quaker, a Bootham School, na cidade de York, como lembrou em seu recente livro A meaning to life, de 2019. Na University of Bristol estudou Matemática e Filosofia, obtendo o bacharelado em Filosofia em 1962. Seguiu para o Canadá, para a realização do mestrado em Filosofia na McMaster University, finalizado em 1964, na cidade de Hamilton, Ontário. Passou um tempo na Inglaterra, na University of Rochester. Retornou ao Canadá em 1965 quando foi acolhido só com o título de mestre, aos 25 anos de idade, e contratado como docente pesquisador para colaborar na criação do Departamento de Filosofia da Universidade de Guelph, Ontário – Ruse veio a obter o título de doutor em Filosofia na University of Bristol, Inglaterra, em 1970. Ruse lecionou na faculdade agrícola provincial de Guelph por 35 anos, em um ambiente em que, como declarou em entrevista em 2015, nunca sentiu qualquer discriminação de colegas das prestigiadas universidades de Toronto ou McGill – marcando a distinção do Canadá em relação ao forte sistema de classes das universidades inglesas. Por questões de aposentadoria, mudou-se para os EUA em 2000, aceitando a generosa oferta da Florida State University (FSU), para a Cadeira de Filosofia Lucyle T. Werkmeister. Ruse fundou e dirigiu o Programa de História e Filosofia da Ciência da universidade, voltado aos alunos que optam por anos complementares e especializados (minor) da graduação (major) e alunos de mestrado. Lecionou e orientou estudantes até o ano de 2020, quando se aposentou, aos 81 anos de idade.

Entre os aspectos do gênio acadêmico de Ruse, que o tornam relevante e mesmo incontornável para qualquer interessado em filosofia e história da biologia, estão a elevada produtividade e a variedade de temas para cujos debates ele foi bastante influente. 

A sua produção científica a partir de 1969 inclui quase três centenas de artigos e quase cinco dezenas de capítulos de livros. O mais fascinante, para um filósofo da biologia e um filósofo da religião (esta outra área de atuação que ele indicava na sua página do Phil.papers) é o expressivo número de livros: 53, conforme pudemos registrar – a despeito de mais de um obituário mencionar 70 – a partir de checagem e complementação da lista exportável de sua produção no Phil.papers. Esses 383 itens publicados encontram-se listados no anexo deste artigo. Explicando a sua alta produtividade, Don Dedrick escreveu no obituário de Ruse da Universidade de Guelph o seguinte:

Como ele lia muito, lembrava-se do que lia e era bom em tirar conclusões, ele era capaz de escrever 5.000 palavras de uma só vez, sem nenhum esforço, e então publicou cerca de setenta livros amplamente fundamentados. (Dedrick in Leiter, 2024)

Os textos de Michael Ruse possuem marca de estilo muito pessoal e peculiar, que combina erudição com uma prosa solta, didaticamente muito efetiva. Seus livros são de leitura fluída, prazerosa e instigante, tornando palatável qualquer assunto espinhoso.

Quanto à variedade dos temas, há que se começar pelos seus estudos dedicados à obra de Darwin – que Ruse colabora em mostrar ser distinta da Síntese Moderna da Evolução encontrada nos manuais de ensino. O leitor deve dedicar-se a conhecer Philosophy After Darwin: Classic and Contemporary Readings, de 2009, The Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw, de 1979 (com uma segunda edição expandida de 1999), Debating Darwin, de 2016, co-assinado com um de seus mais ilustres debatedores, o Prof. Robert Richards, Mystery of Mysteries: Is Evolution a Social Construct? (1999). Não podem ficar de lado os Companions que ele editou: The Cambridge Companion to the “Origin of Species” (2009), também em coautoria com o Robert Richards, e The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Darwin and Evolutionary Thought (2013). 

Michael Ruse também dedicou grande parte do seu esforço intelectual para refletir sobre as conexões possíveis entre a biologia evolutiva e a ética, em um projeto de, nas suas próprias palavras, “levar o darwinismo do laboratório e do campo para as nossas vidas, nossa compreensão e modos de vivê-la” (Ruse, 2019, p. xiv). Desse esforço derivaram vários textos, como Evolution and Ethics (2009), Why We Hate: Understanding the Roots of Human Conflit (2022), além de Biology and the Foundation of Ethics (1999, em coautoria com Jane Maienschein) e The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Ethics, editado em 2017 com coautoria de Robert Richards. 

Ruse contribuiu ainda, extensivamente, para o debate sobre a relação entre religião e ciência. Sobre o assunto, escreveu, entre outros, Can a Darwinian Be a Christian? The Relationship Between Science and Religion (2001), Evolution and Religion: A Dialogue (2008), Atheism, What Everyone Needs To Know (2015), On Faith and Science (2017), com o historiador Edward J. Larson. Embora tenha defendido a coexistência respeitosa entre o domínio religioso e o científico, Ruse foi um crítico vocal do movimento criacionista, e para além dos textos, partiu para a ação. Ele teve um papel importante em julgamento ficou conhecido como McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education. Em uma ação jurídica, movida por pais, organizações diversas, incluindo religiosas, professores e biólogos, alegou-se ser inconstitucional o Balanced Treatment for Creation-Science and Evolution-Science Act (Ato 590 de 1981), que previa que, nas escolas públicas do estado de Arkansas, fosse dado o mesmo tratamento, inclusive o mesmo tempo de aula, para discussões sobre evolução e a “ciência da criação”. A decisão, contrária ao Board of Education, proferida pelo juiz William R. Overton, foi fundamentada, entre outros, no depoimento do Prof. Ruse, arrolado como testemunha especializada pelos requerentes. Por outro lado, e diferentemente de posição assumida por outros evolucionistas, notadamente Richard Dawkins, a crítica de Ruse também se dirigiu à radicalidade que o ateísmo ganhou, especialmente no começo dos anos 2000. Uma discussão bastante articulada, embora concisa, sobre o embate, o leitor poderá encontrá-la em seu livro Monotheism and Contemporary Atheism, de 2019.

Ainda na seara das controvérsias, das quais Ruse não se esquivava e até mesmo se divertia em participar, esteve envolvido nas intensas discussões, ainda no final da década de 1970, sobre a Sociobiologia, campo de investigação impulsionado por seu amigo, Edward O. Wilson (1929-2021). Ruse fez uma discussão extensiva sobre as bases biológicas e filosóficas da sociobiologia, bem como das principais críticas formuladas à época, em seu livro Sociobiology: Sense or Nonsense?, de 1979 (que ganhou uma tradução brasileira, publicada pela Editora Itatiaia/USP, em 1983).

A escrita de Ruse levou diversos outros assuntos ao escrutínio da filosofia da biologia, como o impacto dos avanços biomédicos proporcionados pelas técnicas, então recentes, da genética molecular (Is Science Sexist? And Other Problems in the Biomedical Sciences, de 1981); a discussão sobre questões éticas e morais envolvendo a homossexualidade (Homosexuality: A Philosophical Inquiry, publicado em 1988, mas escrito, segundo Ruse (1994, p. 27), no começo daquela década, ou a chamada Hipótese Gaia, cujos principais proponentes (como os biólogos James Lovelock e Lynn Margulis, entre outros), Ruse entrevistou para seu livro de 2013, The Gaia Hypothesis: Science on a Pagan Planet. 

Seu espírito a um só tempo provocador e exigente não deixou de gerar alguns desconfortos, como testemunhou-se ocasionalmente em congressos. Nos depoimentos saudosos e emocionados em sua memória, arrolados no blog de Brian Leiter, encontramos eco desse aspecto de sua personalidade: “Michael tinha uma merecida reputação de ser difícil, mas ele sempre foi extremamente generoso e gentil comigo.” Retratado como “brusco”, como “uma das pessoas mais ‘difíceis’ que conheci na profissão, sim. E muitas vezes, na mesma frase, uma das mais generosas e atenciosas. Um gigante, tanto como filósofo quanto como ser humano”.

Assim, podemos notar que a orientação acadêmica generosa, a atenção que dedicava aos estudantes, o humor afiado e o calor humano são invariavelmente atreladas à memória que deixou. “[…] muitos dos alunos de pós-graduação do departamento estavam lá por causa dele”. “[…] foi o orientador obsceno, brusco e avuncular [tiozão] que eu não sabia que precisava, e as lições que aprendi com ele repercutiram na minha vida ao longo dos anos”. “Estar próximo de Michael significava estar imerso em sua grande família de alunos, amigos, colegas e dos próprios familiares”. “Michael podia ser difícil, até mesmo para seus amigos próximos. Mas não precisamos falar mais sobre isso – não somos todos? Ele também era uma das pessoas mais calorosas e generosas que já conheci”.

As interações de Michael Ruse com alguns membros da comunidade de filósofos e historiadores da biologia brasileiros foram permeadas de sua cordialidade e simpatia. Ele participou de eventos organizados em 1999 pelo Grupo Interdisciplinar em Filosofia e História das Ciências (GIFHC) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), liderado pela saudosa Professora Anna Carolina Regner (1947-2020). A colaboração de Ruse com o grupo também se deu na publicação de um artigo seu, “Metaphor and Evolutionary Biology” no periódico criado por Anna Carolina e editado por ela e Atico Chassot, Episteme, filosofia e história da ciência em revista.

 

Foto: Anna Carolina Regner, Betty Smocovitis e Michael Ruse, em Porto Alegre, possivelmente em 1999. Fonte: Arquivo pessoal de Anna Carolina Regner

A disponibilidade entusiasmada de Ruse também foi apreciada pela Profa. Maria Elice de Brzezinski Prestes nas ocasiões que ministrou a disciplina “A Origem das Espécies, de Charles Darwin”, no Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Em 2018, após receber nota sobre aula em que foi discutido o seu livro em co-autoria com Robert Richards, Debating Darwin, Ruse enviou o e-mail abaixo à professora, em 1 de outubro de 2018: 

Bob [Richards] encaminhou-me a sua nota para ele – além do orgulho de ser escolhido como bom o suficiente para merecer debate, quão esplêndido é ver jovens de outras partes do mundo entrando em um debate de grande interesse para todos nós – é o tipo de momento em que me sinto realmente privilegiado por ser um educador – e com isso quero incluir você e Bob – vocês são o meu tipo de professor

Michael

Michael Ruse

Lucyle T. Werkmeister Professor of Philosophy
Director of the Program in the History and Philosophy of Science

Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306

Professor Emeritus, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
http://hps.fsu.edu/

No oferecimento da disciplina no ano seguinte, foi informado de que havia o dobro de alunos do ano anterior, todos entusiasmados para ler Sobre a origem das espécies e interessados nas contribuições do romantismo alemão à biologia. Outra vez, o seu espírito especialmente provocador e brincalhão manifestou-se no e-mail à professora, em 22 de setembro de 2019:

 Nossa – eu não sabia que tínhamos debatido na USP – mas qualquer chance de mostrar que Bob [Richards] está errado é ótima para mim!! Michael

Em 2021, no auge do isolamento social ocasionado pela pandemia da COVID-19, apresentou uma palestra online aos estudantes da disciplina. Dando sequência à colaboração, apoiou com entusiasmo a publicação de um volume reunindo as aulas do curso e rapidamente enviou seu capítulo para o livro Understanding Evolution in Darwin’s Origin: The emerging context of evolutionary thinking, organizado por Prestes e publicado pela Springer, em 2023. Vale mencionar que ao longo desses anos, Michael foi sempre muito solícito e generoso às consultas por e-mail dos estudantes do grupo de pesquisa, o Laboratório de História da Biologia e Ensino (LaHBE) do IB-USP.

Michael Ruse foi amplamente reconhecido em vida. Foi eleito membro de sociedades prestigiosas como a Royal Society of Canada e a American Association for the Advancement of Science. Ele foi agraciado com o Prêmio da Bertrand Russell Society Award, em 2014, e o Prêmio David L. Hull, concedido pela International Society for the History, Philosophy and Social Studies of Biology (ISHPSSB) em 2021. Michael Ruse recebeu títulos honorários de diversas universidades, incluindo da University College London. Ruse foi Herbert Spencer Lecturer na Universidade de Oxford (1994) e o Gifford Lecturer em Teologia Natural na Universidade de Glasgow (2001). O reconhecimento pelo tamanho de seu legado pode ser avaliado pelos depoimentos dos diversos historiadores e filósofos da biologia, impactados pelo seu desaparecimento, no já mencionado blog de Brian Leiter, além dos obituários listados no final deste artigo.

Embora tenha sido criado em um ambiente cristão – como ele mesmo descreve, “como um Quaker, com grande ênfase não apenas nos deveres morais da vida, mas também na natureza mística da Divindade e do nosso encontro com Ela” (Ruse, 2019, p. ix) – e, ao longo da juventude tenha abandonado a fé, Ruse não deixou de refletir sobre propósito e significado para a vida:

No final, posso dar a você um bom relato darwiniano do Significado em termos de nossa natureza humana evoluída. […] Trabalhei duro na minha vida para fazer o que faço — criar cinco filhos, ensinar por mais de cinquenta anos, escrever mais livros do que é decente contar. Achei isso imensamente satisfatório. Não vejo razão para esperar nada além disso. De uma eternidade de esquecimento. Para uma eternidade de esquecimento. Sono eterno sem sonhos, sem a necessidade de levantar no meio para ir ao banheiro. […] No final, porém, sou um agnóstico. Só não sei se a vida tem algum — tempo para colocar as letras maiúsculas —Significado Último. (Ruse, 2019, p. 169)

Seu agnosticismo, portanto, não significava ausência de sentido. Ao contrário, era naquilo com que povoava o cotidiano que Ruse extraía seu senso de propósito: 

Concordo com J. B. S. Haldane nessas coisas: “Minha própria suspeita é que o Universo não é apenas mais estranho do que supomos, mas mais estranho do que podemos supor” (1927, 286). Pode haver algo mais. Pode não haver. Não passe sua vida agonizando sobre isso ou deixando as pessoas manipularem você com falsas promessas. Pense por si mesmo, como meus mentores quakers insistiram. A vida aqui e agora pode ser divertida e gratificante, profundamente significativa. Lembre-se, Hume não apenas jogava gamão — ele jantava, ele conversava, ele estava “alegre com meus amigos”. Como eu disse: uma boa xícara de chá, ou talvez um uísque single malt, e um bate-papo. Com meus amados alunos de pós-graduação e Scruffy[1] participando da conversa! Viva o presente real, não o futuro imaginado. (Ruse, 2019, p. 170)

O Professor Ruse, além de seu filho não humano Scruffy, deixou sua esposa Lizzie, cinco filhos e sete netos. E incalculável número de leitoras e leitores que, com xícaras de chá ou talvez acompanhados de uísque, continuarão estendendo a conversa com Ruse através de seus textos.

Referências e Obituários

  1. Evolution News. Remembering Michael Ruse, by William A. Dembski. November 6, 2024. <https://evolutionnews.org/2024/11/remembering-michael-ruse/>. 

Florida State University (FSU), Department of Philosophy. In Memoriam. November 6, 2024. <https://philosophy.fsu.edu/article/memoriam-0>. 

Leiter Reports: A Philosophy Blog.  In Memoriam: Michael Ruse (1940-2024), posted by Brian Leiter. November 1, 2024. <https://leiterreports.typepad.com/blog/2024/11/in-memoriam-michael-ruse-1940-2024.html>. 

National Center for Science Education (NCSE). Michael Ruse, influential historian and philosopher of biology, dies at 84, by Glenn Branch. November 4, 2024. <https://ncse.ngo/michael-ruse-influential-historian-and-philosopher-biology-dies-84>.

Ruse, M. (1994). From Belief to Unbelief and Halfway Back. Zygon, 29(1), 25–35.

Ruse, Michael. 2019. A Meaning to Life. New York: Oxford University Press.

Sosis, Cliff. Blog: What is like to be a philosopher? Interview with Michael Ruse. 4 de maio de 2015. <https://www.whatisitliketobeaphilosopher.com/#/michaelruse/>. 

The Globe and Mail. Philosopher of science Michael Ruse never shied away from controversy, by Dan Falk. November 4/10, 2024. <https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-
philosopher-of-science-never-shied-away-from-controversy/>. 

The University of Chicago. Committee on the Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science. Remembering Michael Ruse, CHSS co-author and colleague, by Robert Richards. November 12, 2024. <https://socialsciences.uchicago.edu/news/remembering-michael-
ruse-chss-co-author-and-colleague>.

University of Guelph. Dr. Michael Ruse, Professor Emeritus, Philosophy, has died, by Don Dedrick. November 7, 2024. <https://www.uoguelph.ca/arts/philosophy/news/dr-michael-
ruse-professor-emeritus-philosophy-has-died>. 

Notas 

[1]  Scuffy McGruff é o cãozinho de Ruse, da raça Cairn Terrier, na foto que abre esse texto. Segundo Ruse, “Nós temos discussões sérias sobre tatus e sua vulnerabilidade” (Ruse, 2019, p. 162).

ANEXO: Publicações de Michael Ruse

Artigos

  1. Ruse, M. (1969). Confirmation and Falsification of Theories of Evolution. Scientia, 63(n/a), 329.
  2. Ruse, M. (1969). Confirmation Et Réfutation Des Théories De L’évolution. Scientia, 63(n/a), du Supplém. 179.
  3. Ruse, M. (1969). Science: Men, Methods, Goals. Edited by Boruch Brody and Nicholas Capaldi. New York, W. A. Benjamin. 1968. Pp. 343. Hard Cover $8.00; Paperback $2.85. Dialogue, 8(1), 164–165.
  4. Ruse, M. (1969). Definitions of Species in Biology. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 20(2), 97–119.
  5. Ruse, M. E. (1970). Are There Laws in Biology? Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 48(2), 234: 246.
  6. Ruse, M. (1970). Discovery in the Physical Sciences. By Richard J. Blackwell. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1969. Pp. Xii, 240. $8.50. Dialogue, 9(3), 480–485.
  7. Ruse, M. E. (1970). The Revolution in Biology. Theoria, 36(1), 1–22.
  8. Ruse, M. E. (1970). Essays in Philosophical Analysis. By Nicholas Rescher. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1969, Pp. X, 430, $14.95. Dialogue, 8(4), 721–724.
  9. Ruse, M. (1971). Reduction, Replacement, and Molecular Biology. Dialectica, 25(1), 39–72.
  10. Ruse, M., Opp, K.-D., & Hetzler, H. W. (1971). Reviews. Theory and Decision, 1(4), 399–406.
  11. Ruse, M. (1971). The Species Problem: A Reply to Hull. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 22(4), 369–371.
  12. Ruse, M. (1971). C. H. Anderson , “Sociological Essays and Research”. Theory and Decision, 1(4), 399.
  13. Ruse, M. E. (1971). Reduction, Replacement, and Molecular Biology. Dialectica, 25(1), 39–72.
  14. Ruse, M. (1971). Natural Selection in the Origin of Species; Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 1(4), 311.
  15. Ruse, M. (1971). Anomalies and Scientific Theories. Willard C. Humphreys. Philosophy of Science, 38(4), 614–616.
  16. Ruse, M. E. (1971). Functional Statements in Biology. Philosophy of Science, 38(1), 87–95.
  17. Ruse, M. (1971). Narrative Explanation and the Theory of Evolution. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 1(1), 59–74.
  18. Ruse, M. (1971). Un Messaggio All’umanità. Scientia, 65(n/a), 1105.
  19. Ruse, M. (1971). Anomalies and Scientific Theories. Philosophy of Science, 38(4), 614–616.
  20. Ruse, M. E. (1971). Two Biological Revolutions. Dialectica, 25(1), 17–38.
  21. Ruse, M. (1971). Philosophy, Science, and Method: Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel. Edited by S. Morgenbesser, P. Suppes, and Morton White. New York: St. Martin’s Press; Toronto: Macmillan, 1969. Pp. Ix, 613. $12.50. Dialogue, 10(3), 581–584.
  22. Ruse, M. (1971). Is the Theory of Evolution Different? Scientia, 65(6), 1069.
  23. Ruse, M. (1971). Un Libro Bianco Sulla Tutela Dell’ambiente Naturale. Scientia, 65(n/a), 1095.
  24. Ruse, M. (1971). Historical and Philosophical Perspectives of Science. Edited by Roger H. Stuewer. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; Toronto: Copp Clark. 1970. Pp. Xix, 384. $11.50. Dialogue, 10(4), 832–835.
  25. Ruse, M. (1972). Bunge on Time. Philosophy of Science, 39(1), 82.
  26. Ruse, M. (1972). John Madge, “The Tools of Social Science”. Theory and Decision, 2(3), 299.
  27. Ruse, M. (1972). Towards a Theoretical Biology. Philosophy of Science, 39(1), 105–106.
  28. Herzig, S. J., Opp, K.-D., Ruse, M. E., Madsen, K. B., McMurtry, J., & Roloff, S. (1972). Reviews. Theory and Decision, 3(2), 180–200.
  29. Ruse, M. (1972). Biological Adaptation. Philosophy of Science, 39(4), 525–528.
  30. Ruse, M. (1972). Book Review:towards a Theoretical Biology C. H. Waddington. Philosophy of Science, 39(1), 105–.
  31. Ruse, M. E. (1972). The Relations Between the Sciences. Philosophy of Science, 39(1), 91–92.
  32. Ruse, M. E. (1972). Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave , “Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge”. Theory and Decision, 3(2), 187.
  33. Kleiner, S. A., Brand, M., Ruse, M., Michalos, A. C., & Lehman, H. (1972). Reviews. Theory and Decision, 2(3), 291–305.
  34. Ruse, M. E. (1972). Book Review: the Relations Between the Sciences C. F. A. Pantin. Philosophy of Science, 39(1), 91–.
  35. Ruse, M. (1973). Teleological Explanations and the Animal World. Mind, 82(327), 433–436.
  36. Ruse, M. (1973). The Nature of Scientific Models : Formal v Material Analogy. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 3(1), 63–80.
  37. Ruse, M. (1973). A Reply to Wright’s Analysis of Functional Statements. Philosophy of Science, 40(2), 277–280.
  38. Ruse, M. (1973). The Philosophy of Science (1973); Williams, Mb. In M. Bunge (Ed.), The methodological unity of science (p. 105). Reidel.
  39. Ruse, M. (1973). The Value of Analogical Models in Science. Dialogue, 12(2), 246–253.
  40. Ruse, M. (1973). The Matter of Life: Philosophical Problems of Biology. By Michael A. Simon. New Haven and London: Yale University Press; Montreal: Mc Gill Queen’s University Press. 1971. Pp. Xi, 258. $7.50. Dialogue, 12(1), 157–158.
  41. Ruse, M. (1974). Biology and the History of the Future, Edited by C. H. Waddington, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1972, Pp. Vii, 72, 50 P. Dialogue, 13(2), 402–403.
  42. Ruse, M. (1974). Essay Review: The Darwin Industry — a Critical Evalution: The Triumph of the Darwinian Method, Charles Darwin: The Years of Controversy, Wallace and Natural Selection. History of Science, 12(1), 43–58.
  43. Ruse, M. (1974). The Process of Model Building in the Behavioral Sciences. Theory and Decision, 4(3/4), 401.
  44. Ruse, M. (1974). Reduction in Genetics. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1974, 633–651.
  45. Ruse, M. (1974). Cultural Evolution. Theory and Decision, 5(4), 413–440.
  46. Ruse, M. (1974). Kant’s Concept of Teleology. By J. D. Mc Farland. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1970, Pp. Ix, 150. £2. Dialogue, 13(1), 192–195.
  47. Weinberger, O., Pettit, P., Gottinger, H.-W., Lehman, H., Barry, C. B., Blanchette, O., Ruse, M., McMurtry, J., Walsh, F. M., White, J. E., & Kleiner, S. A. (1974). Reviews. Theory and Decision, 4(3-4), 373–426.
  48. Ruse, M. (1975). Woodger on Genetics a Critical Evaluation. Acta Biotheoretica, 24(1-2), 1–13.
  49. Bacon, J., White, A. R., Glouberman, M., Davis, L. H., Weiler, G., Bub, J., Niiniluoto, I., Melzer, Y., Levy, Z., Biderman, S., Raz, J., Lieb, I. C., & Ruse, M. (1975). Book Reviews. Philosophia, 5(3), 319–384.
  50. Ruse, M. (1975). Darwin and His Critics: The Reception of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by the Scientific Community. David Hull. Philosophy of Science, 42(3), 338–339.
  51. Ruse, M. (1975). Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution: An Analysis. Journal of the History of Biology, 8(2), 219–241.
  52. Ruse, M. (1975). Darwin’s Debt to Philosophy: An Examination of the Influence of the Philosophical Ideas of John f.w. Herschel and William Whewell on the Development of Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 6(2), 159–181.
  53. Ruse, M. (1975). Charles Darwin and Artificial Selection. Journal of the History of Ideas, 36(2), 339.
  54. Ruse, M. (1975). Philosophy of Biological Science by David Hull. Isis, 66(3), 416–417.
  55. Ruse, M. (1975). Narrative Explanation Revisited. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 4(3), 529–533.
  56. Ruse, M. (1976). Expressions in Movement and the Arts: A Philosophical Enquiry. By David Best. London, Lepus Books, 1974, Pp. Xvi and 203. £2.75. Canadian f.d.s. Audio Visual, $8.25. Dialogue, 15(1), 148–150.
  57. Ruse, M. (1976). The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change. R. C. Lewontin. Philosophy of Science, 43(2), 302–304.
  58. Ruse, M. (1976). Charles Lyell and the Philosophers of Science. British Journal for the History of Science, 9(2), 121–131.
  59. Ruse, M. (1976). Sociobiology: Sound Science or Muddled Metaphysics? PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1976, 48–73.
  60. Ruse, M. (1976). The Scientific Methodology of William Whewell. Centaurus, 20(3), 227–257.
  61. Ruse, M. (1976). Studies in the Philosophy of Biology. Reduction and Related Problems Franciso José Ayala Theodosius Dobzhansky. Isis, 67(3), 479–481.
  62. Ruse, M. (1976). The Understanding of Nature: Essays in the Philosophy of Biology. By Marjorie Grene. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 23. Dordrecht, Reidel, 1974, Pp. Xii + 374. Cloth, Us $32.50; Paper, Us $17.50. Dialogue, 15(4), 702–704.
  63. Ruse, M. (1977). The Philosophy of Karl Popper. Teaching Philosophy, 2(2), 199–202.
  64. Ruse, M. (1977). William Whewell and the Argument From Design. The Monist, 60(2), 244–268.
  65. Ruse, M. (1977). Karl Popper’s Philosophy of Biology. Philosophy of Science, 44(4), 638–661.
  66. Ruse, M. (1978). Critical Notice of Andrew Woodfield, Teleology, and Larry Wright, Teleological Explanations. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 8(1), 191–203.
  67. Ruse, M. (1978). What Kind of Revolution Occurred in Geology? PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1978, 240–273.
  68. Ruse, M. (1978). Problems of Scientific Revolution: Progress and Obstacles to Progress in the Sciences. Erkenntnis, 13(1), 407–416.
  69. Ruse, M. (1978). Darwin and Herschel. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 9(4), 323–331.
  70. Ruse, M. (1979). Philosophy of Biology Today: No Grounds for Complacency. Philosophia, 8(4), 785–796.
  71. Ruse, M. (1979). Review of the Biological Origin of Human Values. Environmental Ethics, 1, 181–185.
  72. Ruse, M. (1979). Review of Sociobiology and Behavior. Environmental Ethics, 1(2), 181–185.
  73. Ruse, M. (1979). Book Review: the Young Darwin and His Cultural Circle Edward Manier. Philosophy of Science, 46(1), 165-166-.
  74. Ruse, M. (1980). Charles Darwin and Group Selection. Annals of Science, 37(6), 615–630.
  75. Ruse, M. (1980). Is Science Sexist? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(2), 197–198.
  76. Ruse, M. (1981). Russell Vannoy, Sex Without Love—a Philosophical Exploration Reviewed By. Philosophy in Review, 1(1), 48–52.
  77. Ruse, M. (1981). Book Review: Darwinism and Human Affairs Richard D. Alexander. Philosophy of Science, 48(4), 627–.
  78. Ruse, M. (1981). Biology Versus Culture in Human Behaviour. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4(2), 250–251.
  79. Ruse, M. (1981). Darwinism and Human Affairs. Philosophy of Science, 48(4), 627–628.
  80. Ruse, M. (1981). Medicine as Social Science: The Case of Freud on Homosexuality. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 6(4), 361–386.
  81. Ruse, M. (1981). The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences. Roy Bhaskar. Isis, 72(3), 493–495.
  82. Ruse, M. (1981). Species as Individuals: Logical, Biological, and Philosophical Problems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4(2), 299–300.
  83. Ruse, M. (1981). Review of the Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw. Environmental Ethics, 3, 75–83.
  84. Ruse, M. (1982). Social Darwinism: The Two Sources. Rivista Di Filosofia, 22, 36.
  85. Ruse, M. (1982). Nature Animated: Historical and Philosophical Case Studies in Greek Medicine, Nineteenth Century and Recent Biology, Psychiatry, and Psychoanalysis/papers Deriving From the Third International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science, Montreal, Canada, 1980 Volume Ii. Springer.
  86. Ruse, M. (1982). Science Faction: The Mismeasure of Man by Stephen Jay Gould. Isis, 73(3), 430–431.
  87. Ruse, M. (1982). Response to the Commentary: Pro Judice. Science, Technology, and Human Values, 7(41), 19–23.
  88. Ruse, M. (1982). Morality as a Biological Phenomenon: The Presuppositions of Sociobiological Research by Gunther S. Stent. Isis, 73(4), 579–579.
  89. Ruse, M. (1982). Creation Science Is Not Science. Science, Technology and Human Values, 7(3), 72–78.
  90. Ruse, M. (1983). The Development of Darwin’s Theory: Natural History, Natural Theology, and Natural Selection, 1838 1859. Dov Ospovat. Isis, 74(2), 292–293.
  91. Ruse, M. (1983). Is Van Den Berghe in a New Paradigm? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 6(1), 113–114.
  92. Ruse, M. (1984). Evolution, Morality, and the Meaning of Life Jeffrie G. Murphy Totowa, Nj: Rowman and Littlefield, 1982. Pp. 158, Index. $14.95. Dialogue, 23(3), 527–530.
  93. Ruse, M. (1984). Abusing Science: The Case Against Creationism. Philosophy of Science, 51(2), 348–354.
  94. Ruse, M., & Lewontin, R. C. (1984). Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology, and Human Nature. Hastings Center Report, 14(6), 42.
  95. Ruse, M. (1984). The Morality of the Gene. The Monist, 67(2), 167–199.
  96. Ruse, M. (1984). Biological Science and Feminist Values. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1984, 525–542.
  97. Ruse, M. (1984). Genesis Revisited: Can We Do Better Than God? Zygon, 19(3), 297–316.
  98. Ruse, M. (1984). The Philosophy of Evolution Uffe J. Jensen and Rom Harre, Editors Brighton: Harvester, 1981. Pp. Vii, 299. £22.50. Dialogue, 23(1), 171–172.
  99. Ruse, M. (1984). The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology. Environmental Ethics, 6(1), 91–94.
  100. Ruse, M. (1984). Human Sociobiology: A Philosophical Perspective. Eidos: The Canadian Graduate Journal of Philosophy, 3(1), 46–88.
  101. Ruse, M. (1984). Abusing Science: The Case Against Creationism. Philip Kitcher. Philosophy of Science, 51(2), 348–354.
  102. Ruse, M. (1984). Is Science Sexist? Tijdschrift Voor Filosofie, 46(1), 171–172.
  103. Ruse, M. (1984). Abusing Science: The Case Against Creationism. Journal of the History of Biology, 17(1), 147–148.
  104. Ruse, M. (1986). Grünbaum on Psychoanalysis: Where Do We Go From Here? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9(2), 256–257.
  105. Ruse, M. (1986). Philip F. Rehbock, “the Philosophical Naturalists: Themes in Early Nineteenth Century British Biology”; Journal of the History of Philosophy, 24(3), 423-425.
  106. Ruse, M. (1986). Book Review: evolution and Creation Ernan Mc Mullin. Philosophy of Science, 53(4), 608–.
  107. Ruse, M. (1986). Book Reviews : Faces of Science. By v. v. Nalimov. Edited by Robert G. Colodny. Philadelphia: Isi Press, 1981. Pp. 298. $22.50 u.s.a., $25.50 in Other Countries. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 16(2), 249–251.
  108. Ruse, M. (1986). Sociobiology Moves Along. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 16(1), 141–149.
  109. Ruse, M. (1986). Commentary: The Academic as Expert Witness. Science, Technology, and Human Values, 11(2), 68–73.
  110. Ruse, M., & Wilson, E. O. (1986). Moral Philosophy as Applied Science. Philosophy, 61(236), 173–192.
  111. Ruse, M. (1986). Nature, Human Nature, and Society. International Studies in Philosophy, 18(3), 63–65.
  112. Ruse, M. (1986). Evolutionary Ethics: A Phoenix Arisen. Zygon, 21(1), 95–112.
  113. Ruse, M. (1987). Is Sociobiology a New Paradigm? Philosophy of Science, 54(1), 98–104.
  114. Ruse, M. (1987). Darwin’s Metaphor: Nature’s Place in Victorian Culture. British Journal for the History of Science, 20(1), 118–119.
  115. Ruse, M. (1987). Review. Synthese, 70(3), 459–462.
  116. Ruse, M. (1987). Darwinism and Determinism. Zygon, 22(4), 419–442.
  117. Ruse, M. (1987). Biological Species: Natural Kinds, Individuals, or What? British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 38(2), 225–242.
  118. Ruse, M. (1987). Robert M. Young. Darwin’s Metaphor: Nature’s Place in Victorian Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Pp. Xvii + 341. Isbn 0 521 31742 8. £27.50, $44.50 , £9.95, $15.95. British Journal for the History of Science, 20(1), 118–119.
  119. Ruse, M. (1988). Formal Thought and the Science of Man. International Studies in Philosophy, 20(1), 82–83.
  120. Ruse, M. (1988). Review of Michael Ruse: Taking Darwin Seriously: A Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy. Ethics, 98(2), 400–402.
  121. Ruse, M. (1988). Taking Darwin Seriously. A Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy. Tijdschrift Voor Filosofie, 50(1), 172–173.
  122. Ruse, M. (1988). Evolutionary Ethics: Healthy Prospect or Last Infirmity? Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 18(S1), 27–73.
  123. Ruse, M. (1988). Respecting Animals Values a Discussion Review of Tom Regan, the Case for Animal Rights. Journal for Agricultural Ethics, 1, 225–232.
  124. Ruse, M. (1988). Response to Williams: Selfishness Is Not Enough. Zygon, 23(4), 413–416.
  125. Ruse, M. (1988). Review of Richard D. Alexander: The Biology of Moral Systems. Ethics, 99(1), 182–183.
  126. Ruse, M. (1988). Book Review. Journal of Agricultural Ethics, 1(3), 225–232.
  127. Ruse, M. (1988). Rigorous Regularism: Physical Laws Without Necessity. Dialogue, 27(3), 523.
  128. Ruse, M. (1988). The Philosophy of Biology Comes of Age in Wissenschaftstheorie Am Ende Der 80er Jahre. Philosophia Naturalis, 25(3-4), 269–284.
  129. Ruse, M. (1988). Understanding Science Through Evolution: A Humanist Approach by Arnold M. Clark; Evolution and the Humanities by David Holbrook. Isis, 79(2), 284–285.
  130. Ruse, M. (1988). Book Review. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 1(3), 182–.
  131. Ruse, M., & Thompson, P. (1989). Neo Darwinism: Form and Content in an Intimate Relation. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 116, 495–512.
  132. Ruse, M. (1990). Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior (Review). Journal of the History of Philosophy, 28(1), 144–146.
  133. Ruse, M. (1990). Are Pictures Really Necessary? The Case of Sewell Wright’s “Adaptive Landscapes.” PSA Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1990(2), 62–77.
  134. Ruse, M. (1990). Evolutionary Ethics and the Search for Predecessors: Kant, Hume, and All the Way Back to Aristotle? Social Philosophy and Policy, 8(1), 59.
  135. Ruse, M. (1990). Making Use of Creationism. A Case Study for the Philosophy of Science Classroom. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 10(1), 81–92.
  136. Ruse, M. (1992). Interpreting Evolution. Teaching Philosophy, 15(3), 293–296.
  137. Ruse, M. (1992). Do the History of Science and the Philosophy of Science Have Anything to Say to Each Other? PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1992, 467 –.
  138. Ruse, M. (1993). Empiricism and Darwin’s Science by Fred Wilson. Isis, 84, 424–424.
  139. Ruse, M. (1993). Review of the Non Darwinian Revolution: Reinterpreting a Historical Myth by Peter Bowler; And of the Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society by Peter J. Bowler. Philosophy of Science, 60(1), 171–172.
  140. Ruse, M. (1993). Were Owen and Darwin Naturphilosophen? Annals of Science, 50(4), 383–388.
  141. Ruse, M. (1993). The Structure of Biological Theories. International Studies in Philosophy, 25(1), 109–110.
  142. Ruse, M. (1994). Editor’s Comments. Biology and Philosophy, 9(4), 437.
  143. Ruse, M. (1994). Evolutionary Biology and Cultural Values: Is It Irremediably Corrupt? Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Supplementary Volume, 20(sup1), 43–68.
  144. Ruse, M. (1994). A Few Last Words Until the Next Time! Zygon, 29(1), 75–79.
  145. Ruse, M. (1994). Editorial. Biology and Philosophy, 9(3), 263.
  146. Ruse, M. (1994). Booknotes. Biology and Philosophy, 9(2), 253–259.
  147. Ruse, M., Wilt, G. J., & Kuczewski, M. G. (1994). Book Reviews. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 15(4), 455–463.
  148. Ruse, M. (1994). From Belief to Unbelief and Halfway Back. Zygon, 29(1), 25–35.
  149. Ruse, M. (1994). Evolutionary Theory and Christian Ethics: Are They in Harmony? Zygon, 29(1), 5–24.
  150. Ruse, M. (1995). Gay Rights and Affirmative Action: A Response to Sartorelli. Analysis, 55(4), 271.
  151. Greene, J. C., & Ruse, M. (1996). On the Nature of the Evolutionary Process: The Correspondence Between Theodosius Dobzhansky and John C. Greene. Biology and Philosophy, 11(4), 445–491.
  152. Ruse, M. (1997). Darwinism Fleurit!darwin Et L’apres Darwin: Une Histoire De L’hypothese De Selection Naturelle. Jean Gayon Darwinism Evolving: Systems Dynamics and the Genealogy of Natural Selection. David J. Depew, Bruce H. Weber. Isis, 88(1), 111–117.
  153. Ruse, M. (1997). Sociobiology, Sex, and Science. International Studies in Philosophy, 29(4), 121–122.
  154. Ruse, M. (1998). Booknotes. Biology and Philosophy, 13(2), 301–307.
  155. Ruse, M. (1998). Development and Evolution. International Studies in Philosophy, 30(4), 144–145.
  156. Ruse, M. (1998). Answering the Creationists. Free Inquiry, 18(2).
  157. Ruse, M. (1998). Beyond Positivism and Relativism: Theory, Method, and Evidence. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 20(1), 93–94.
  158. Ruse, M. (1998). Booknotes. Biology and Philosophy, 13(3), 471–478.
  159. Ruse, M. (1998). Pat Duffy Hutcheon, Leaving the Cave: Evolutionary Naturalism in Social Scientific Thought. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 17(2/3), 155–158.
  160. Ruse, M. (1998). Philosophie De La Biologie. Francois Duchesneau. Isis, 89(3), 583–584.
  161. Ruse, M. (1998). Darwinism Evolving. International Studies in Philosophy, 30(4), 113–115.
  162. Ruse, M. (1998). Author’s Reply. Metascience, 7(1), 65–69.
  163. Ruse, M. (1998). Philosophy of Biology. International Studies in Philosophy, 30(4), 150–151.
  164. Ruse, M. (1998). Margaret A. Boden, Ed., the Philosophy of Artificial Life, Oxford Readings in Philosophy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, Viii + 405 Pp., 65.00 (Cloth), Isbn 0 19 875154 0; 19.95 (Paper), Isbn 0 19 875155. Minds and Machines, 9(1), 139–143.
  165. Ruse, M. (1999). Teleology and Biology: Some Thoughts on Ayala’s Analysis of Teleology. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 21(2), 187–194.
  166. Ruse, M. (1999). Booknotes. Biology and Philosophy, 14(3), 471–476.
  167. Ruse, M. (1999). Evolutionary Ethics: What Can We Learn From From the Past? Zygon, 34(3), 435–451.
  168. Ruse, M. (1999). Metaphor and Evolutionary Biology. Episteme,  8, 107–127.
  169. Ruse, M. (2000). Can a Darwinian Be a Christian? Sociobiological Issues. Zygon, 35(2), 299–316.
  170. Ruse, M. (2000). Is Evolutionary Biology a Different Kind of Science? Aquinas, 43(2), 251–282.
  171. Ruse, M. (2000). Darwin Studies: Phase Two. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 22(2), 295–298.
  172. Ruse, M. (2000). Teleology: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow? Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 31(1), 213–232.
  173. Ruse, M. (2000). Metaphor in Evolutionary Biology. Revue Internationale De Philosophie, 54(214), 593–619.
  174. Ruse, M. (2000). Review of Sober and Wilson, Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Ethics, 110(2), 443–445.
  175. Ruse, M. (2000). Booknotes 15.3. Biology and Philosophy, 15(3), 465–473.
  176. Ruse, M. (2000). Can a Darwinian Be a Christian? Ethical Issues. Zygon, 35(2), 287–298.
  177. Ruse, M. (2000). Review. Gay Science: The Ethics of Sexual Orientation Research. Tf Murphy. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 51(3), 487–493.
  178. Ruse, M. (2000). Sudden Origins: Fossils, Genes, and the Emergence of Species by Jeffrey H. Schwartz. Isis, 91(3), 608–609.
  179. Ruse, M. (2000). Booknotes. Biology and Philosophy, 15(2), 291–297.
  180. Ruse, M. (2001). Book Review: Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. Science, Technology, and Human Values, 26(3), 387–388.
  181. Ruse, M. (2001). Reduction in Biology. The Proceedings of the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, 10, 43–50.
  182. Ruse, M. (2001). Origins of Genius: Darwinian Perspectives on Creativity. Dean Keith Simonton. Isis, 92(3), 587–589.
  183. Ruse, M. (2001). Can a Darwinian Be a Christian? Philosophical Inquiry, 23(3), 156–159.
  184. Ruse, M. (2002). Social Darwinism Updated? Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 33(4), 753–760.
  185. Ruse, M. (2002). Response to My Critics. Zygon, 37(2), 457–460.
  186. Ruse, M. (2002). Darwinism and Christianity Redux. Philosophia Christi, 4(1), 189–194.
  187. Ruse, M. S. (2002). The Critique of Intellect: Henri Bergson’s Prologue to an Organic Epistemology. Continental Philosophy Review, 35(3), 281–302.
  188. Ruse, M. (2002). Can a Darwinian Be a Christian? Philosophia Christi, 4(1), 163–167.
  189. Ruse, M. (2002). Essay Review. Social Darwinism Updated? The Temptations of Evolutionary Ethics. Paul Lawrence Farber. University of California Press, 1994. Darwinian Natural Right: The Biological Ethics of Human Nature. Larry Arnhart. Suny Press, 1998. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 33(4), 753–760.
  190. Ruse, M. (2002). Robert Boyle and the Machine Metaphor. Zygon, 37(3), 581–596.
  191. Ruse, M. (2002). John Preston, Gonzalo Munevar and David Lamb (Eds), the Worst Enemy of Science? Essays in Memory of Paul Feyerabend. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 23(2), 290–290.
  192. Ruse, M. (2003). Models for Genetics. International Studies in Philosophy, 35(4), 151–152.
  193. Ruse, M. (2003). Science, Truth, and Democracy. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 81(2), 280–281.
  194. Ruse, M. (2003). Stephen Jay Gould. The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Ix + 1,433 Pp., Illus., Figs., Bibl., Index. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002. $39.95. Isis, 94(2), 397–398.
  195. Ruse, M. (2003). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Isis, 94, 397–398.
  196. Ruse, M. (2003). Darwinian Natural Right. International Studies in Philosophy, 35(4), 142–144.
  197. Michael, R. (2004). The Romantic Conception of Robert J. Richards. Journal of the History of Biology, 37(1), 3–23.
  198. Ruse, M. (2004). Review Of: Evelyn Fox Keller, Making Sense of Life: Explaining Biological Development With Models, Metaphors, and Machines. Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press, 2002. Annals of Science, 61(3), 389.
  199. Ruse, M. (2004). Darwinism and Atheism: A Marriage Made in Heaven? Think, 2(6), 51–62.
  200. Ruse, M. (2004). Bad Arguments About Darwinism. Think, 3(8), 41–46.
  201. Ruse, M. (2005). Darwinism and Mechanism: Metaphor in Science. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 36(2), 285–302.
  202. Ruse, M. (2005). Evo Devo: A New Evolutionary Paradigm? Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 56, 105–124.
  203. Ruse, M. (2005). Methodological Naturalism Under Attack. South African Journal of Philosophy, 24(1), 44–60.
  204. Ruse, M. (2005). Henry L. Minton. Departing From Deviance: A History of Homosexual Rights and Emancipatory Science in America. 360 Pp., Illus., Index. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. $20. Isis, 96(1), 149–150.
  205. Ruse, M. (2005). Ernst Mayr 1904–2005. Biology and Philosophy, 20(4), 623–631.
  206. Ruse, M. (2005). Intelligent Design Theory and Its Context. Think, 4(11), 7–16.
  207. Ruse, M. (2005). The Darwinian Revolution, as Seen in 1979 and as Seen Twenty Five Years Later in 2004. Journal of the History of Biology, 38(1), 3–17.
  208. Ruse, M. (2005). Immerse Yourself. The Philosophers’ Magazine, 31(31), 64–67.
  209. Ruse, M. (2005). The Divided Mind of Charles Darwin. Metascience, 14(2), 171–177.
  210. Ruse, M. (2005). Evo Devo: A New Evolutionary Paradigm? Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 56, 8–9.
  211. Ruse, M. (2006). The Evolution of the Philosophy of Biology. Biology and Philosophy, 21(3), 437–442.
  212. Ruse, M. (2006). Phil Dowe. Galileo, Darwin, and Hawking: The Interplay of Science, Reason, and Religion. Viii + 205 Pp. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 2005. $21. Isis, 97(2), 387–388.
  213. Ruse, M. (2006). Discussion. Biological Theory, 1(4), 402–403.
  214. Ruse, M. (2006). Forty Years a Philosopher of Biology: Why Evo Devo Makes Me Still Excited About My Subject. Biological Theory, 1(1), 35–37.
  215. Ruse, M. (2007). Essay Review: Restroom Reading. Journal of the History of Biology, 40(1), 179–184.
  216. Ruse, M. (2007). Scott F. Gilbert—second to the Right, Straight on Till Morning. Biological Theory, 2(2), 182–182.
  217. Aho, K. A., Berkowitz, C., Burke, P., Castellani, V., Dell’Olio, F., Drugus, L., Eichenhofe, E., Frey, D. S., Goldman, S. L., Gubman, B., Höjelid, S., Horn, J., Horowitz, I. L., Hutto, D. D., Lassman, P., Lindsay, H., & Ruse, M. (2007). Book Reviews. The European Legacy, 12(7), 891–928.
  218. Ruse, M. (2007). Richard Dawkins. The God Delusion. X + 406 Pp., App., Index. Boston/new York: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. $27. Isis, 98(4), 814–816.
  219. Ruse, M. (2007). Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species. Topoi, 26(1), 159–165.
  220. Ruse, M. (2007). My Journey in the World of Religion and Science. Zygon, 42(3), 577–582.
  221. Ruse, M. (2008). Review: Tim Lewens: Darwin. Mind, 117(468), 1094–1097.
  222. Ruse, M. (2009). Creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 47(3), pp. 464–466.
  223. Ruse, M. (2009). John Bellamy Foster;, Brett Clark;, Richard York. Critique of Intelligent Design: Materialism Versus Creationism From Antiquity to the Present. 240 Pp., Index. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2008. $15.95. Isis, 100(4), 883–884.
  224. Ruse, M. (2009). The Evolving World: Evolution in Everyday Life. Isis, 100, 385–385.
  225. Ruse, M. (2009). Darwin and Philosophy. Teorema: International Journal of Philosophy, 28(2), 15–33.
  226. Ruse, M. (2009). Robin Attfield: Creation, Evolution and Meaning. Acta Biotheoretica, 58(1), 81–84.
  227. Ruse, M. (2009). Creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity : Sedley D. n.creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 47(3), 464–466.
  228. Ruse, M. (2009). Darwinian Struggles: But Is There Progress? History of Science, 47(4), 407–430.
  229. Ruse, M. (2009). David P. Mindell. The Evolving World: Evolution in Everyday Life. Viii + 341 Pp., Illus., Tables, Index. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006. $16.95. Isis, 100(2), 385–385.
  230. Ruse, M. (2010). Evolution and Ethics. The Philosophers’ Magazine, 50(50), 94–95.
  231. Ruse, M. (2010). Darwinian Reductionism, Or, How to Stop Worrying and Love Molecular Biology – Alex Rosenberg Darwinian Populations and Natural Selection – Peter Godfrey Smith. Philosophical Quarterly, 60(238), 204–208.
  232. Ruse, M. (2010). David Hull: A Memoir. Biology and Philosophy, 25(5), 739–747.
  233. Ruse, M. (2010). Gaps in the Argument: A Discussion of Certain Aspects of Cosmology. Zygon, 45(1), 221–227.
  234. Ruse, M. (2010). Julian Huxley on Darwinian Evolution: A Snapshot of a Theory: Julian Huxley: Evolution the Modern Synthesis: The Definitive Edition. Edited by Massimo Pigliucci and Gerd B. Müller. Cambridge, Mass.: The Mit Press, 2010, Ix+770pp, Us$35.00 Pb. Metascience, 20(2), 329–333.
  235. Ruse, M. (2010). Darwinism Then and Now: The Divide Over Form and Function. Science & Education, 19(4-5), 367–389.
  236. Ruse, M. (2011). Evelyn Fox Keller, the Mirage of a Space Between Nature and Nurture. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2010. Pp. Viii+107. Isbn 978 0 8223 4731 6. £12.99. British Journal for the History of Science, 44(4), 617–618.
  237. Ruse, M. (2011). Making Room for Faith in an Age of Science: A Response to David Wisdo. Zygon, 46(3), 655–672.
  238. Ruse, M. (2011). Is Darwinism Past Its “Sell By” Date? The Origin of Species at 150. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 42(1), 5–11.
  239. Ruse, M. (2011). Science and Religion Today. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, 70(2), 167–177.
  240. Ruse, M. (2011). Mike Dixon;, Gregory Radick. Darwin in Ilkley. 126 Pp., Illus., Index. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press, 2009. £12.99. Isis, 102(1), 179–179.
  241. Ruse, M. (2011). Making Room for Faith in an Age of Science. Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association, 85, 43–58.
  242. Ruse, M. (2011). Darwin in Ilkley. Isis, 102, 179–179.
  243. Arribas, S., Bogue, R., Bottà, G., Breen, M. S., Brisolin, V., Campion, E. J., Cavallar, G., Deacon, R., Dietrich, D. J., Drake, R., Goldberg, B., Gorski, W., Greentree, R., Grimwood, T., Gubman, B., Havers, G., & Ruse, M. (2011). Book Reviews. The European Legacy, 16(4), 539–574.
  244. Durnin, M., Hoy, M., & Ruse, M. (2012). Genetic Testing and Insurance: The Complexity of Adverse Selection. Ethical Perspectives, 19(1), 123–154.
  245. Ruse, M. (2012). The Gym Teachers of Academia. The Philosophers’ Magazine, 58, 47–52.
  246. Ruse, M. (2012). Book Review. Journal of the History of Biology, 45(1), 175–177.
  247. Ruse, M. (2012). How Not to Solve the Science-Religion Conflict. Philosophical Quarterly, 62(248), 620–625.
  248. Ruse, M. (2012). Science and Values: My Debt to Ernan Mc Mullin. Zygon, 47(4), 666–685.
  249. Ruse, M. (2013). The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Isis, 104(3), 622–624.
  250. Ruse, M. (2013). Science and the Humanities: Stephen Jay Gould’s Quest to Join the High Table. Science & Education, 22(9), 2317–2326.
  251. Ruse, M. (2013). David N. Reznick’s the “Origin” Then and Now: An Interpretive Guide to the “Origin of Species”: A Précis. Science & Education, 22(9), 2295–2316.
  252. Ruse, M. (2013). Frederick Burkhardt;, James A. Secord;, Janet Browne;, Samantha Evans;, Shelley Innes;, Alison M. Pearn;, Paul White . The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Volume 19: 1871. Xli + 1,062 Pp., Illus., Table, Bibl., Index. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. £90. Isis, 104(3), 622–624.
  253. Takacs, P., & Ruse, M. (2013). The Current Status of the Philosophy of Biology. Science & Education, 22(1), 5–48.
  254. Ruse, M. (2013). Teaching the Classics: The Origin of Species as a Case Study. Science & Education, 22(9), 2255–2265.
  255. Ruse, M. (2013). Making Room for Faith: Does Science Exclude Religion? Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 37(1), 11–24.
  256. Ruse, M. (2014). Literature After Darwin: Human Beasts in Western Fiction, 1859–1939. The European Legacy, 19(6), 812–813.
  257. Ruse, M. (2014). Darwin Versus the Liberals: The Third Assault of the Intelligent Designers. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 46(1), 89–92.
  258. Ruse, M. (2014). Paul Hoyningen Huene, Systematicity: The Nature of Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press , Xiii+287 Pp., $65.00. Philosophy of Science, 81(2), 284–288.
  259. Ruse, M. (2015). Religion, Misallodoxy and the Teaching of Evolution: The Influence of Michael Matthews. Science & Education, 24(7-8), 815–820.
  260. Ruse, M. (2015). Why I Am an Accommodationist and Proud of It. Zygon, 50(2), 361–375.
  261. Ruse, M. (2015). Creationism Takes Its Message to Europe. Science & Education, 24(9-10), 1227–1230.
  262. Ruse, M. (2016). Eternal Bliss and Why I Am Not That Interested. The Philosophers’ Magazine, 72, 99–100.
  263. Ruse, M. (2016). An Entangled Bank: Charles Darwin and Romanticism: Robert M. Ryan: Charles Darwin and the Church of Wordsworth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, 209 Pp, £55 Hb. Metascience, 26(1), 137–143.
  264. Ruse, M. (2016). Evolutionary Biology and the Question of Teleology. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 58, 100–106.
  265. Ruse, M. (2017). The Christian’s Dilemma: Organicism or Mechanism? Zygon, 52(2), 442–467.
  266. Ruse, M. (2017). The Role of Biology in Philosophy: David Livingstone Smith: How Biology Shapes Philosophy: New Foundations for Naturalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, Xiv + 351 Pp, $99.99 Hb. Metascience, 26(2), 285–288.
  267. Ruse, M. (2019). Interview: Michael Ruse. Philosophy Now, 135, 54–56.
  268. Ruse, M. (2019). Why Did the Stegosaurus Have Plates, or Is Biology Second Rate Because It Thinks in Terms of Ends? Revista De Humanidades De Valparaíso, 14, 9–25.
  269. Ruse, M. (2019). Peter J. Woodford. The Moral Meaning of Nature: Nietzsche’s Darwinian Religion and Its Critics. X + 184 Pp., Notes, Bibl., Index. Chicago/london: University of Chicago Press, 2018. $30 . Isbn 9780226539898. Isis, 110(1), 200–201.
  270. Ruse, M. (2019). Can Christians Live With Extinction, or Will They Get Wiped Out? Philosophy, Theology and the Sciences, 6(1), 66.
  271. Ruse, M. (2020). Building Blocks of Morality. HTS Theological Studies, 76(1), 10.
  272. Ruse, M. (2020). Pseudoscience: Objective or Subjective? Disputatio, 9(13).
  273. Ruse, M. (2021). Willem Drees on the Humanities. Zygon, 56(3), 691–703.
  274. Ruse, M. (2021). Confessions of an Agnostic: Apologia Pro Vita Sua. Sophia, 60(3), 575–591.
  275. Ruse, M. (2022). The Dawkins Challenge. Zygon, 57(1), 181–199.
  276. Ruse, M. (2022). Evolution and Ethics Viewed From Within Two Metaphors: Machine and Organism. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 44(1), 1–17.
  277. Ruse, M. (2023). Life Without God: An Outsider’s Look at Atheism, Written by Rik Peels. Philosophia Reformata, 88(2), 147–152.
  278. Ruse, M. (2024). Introducción: “La Teoría Darwiniana De La Evolución.” Metatheoria – Revista De Filosofía E Historia De La Ciencia, 13(2), 17–31.
  279. Ruse, M. (2024). Teleología: ¿Ayer, Hoy Y Mañana? Metatheoria – Revista De Filosofía E Historia De La Ciencia, 13(2), 125–142.
  280. Ruse, M. (2024). Introduction: “The Darwinian Theory of Evolution.” Metatheoria – Revista De Filosofía E Historia De La Ciencia, 13(2), 3–16.
  281. Ruse, M. (2024). Ética Evolutiva: Un Fénix Levanta Vuelo. Metatheoria – Revista De Filosofía E Historia De La Ciencia, 13(2), 111–124.
  282. Ruse, M. (forthcoming). Come Fu Che Un Quacchero Perse Dio E Trovò Darwin. La Società Degli Individui.

Capítulos de livros

  1. Ruse, M. (1986). Teleology and the Biological Sciences. In N. Rescher (Ed.), Current Issues in Teleology (p. 61). University Press of America.
  2. Ruse, M. (1991). William Whewell: Omniscientist. In M. Fisch & S. Schaffer (Eds.), William Whewell: A Composite Portrait. Clarendon Press.
  3. Ruse, M. (1993). The New Evolutionary Ethics. In M. H. Nitecki & D. V. Nitecki (Eds.), Evolutionary Ethics (pp. 133–162). SUNY Press.
  4. Ruse, M., & Wilson, E. O. (1994). Moral Philosophy as Applied Science. In E. Sober (Ed.), Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology (pp. 61–421). The Mit Press. Bradford Books.
  5. Ruse, M. (1995). Is Homosexuality Bad Sexuality. In R. M. Stewart (Ed.), Philosophical Perspectives on Sex and Love (pp. 113–124). Oup Usa.
  6. Ruse, M. (1998). Introduction to Part Vii. In D. L. Hull & M. Ruse (Eds.), The philosophy of biology. Oxford University Press.
  7. Ruse, M. (1998). Bringing in Culture: How the Study of Metaphor Enriches Evolutionary Epistemology. In A. A. Derksen (Ed.), The promise of evolutionary epistemology (pp. 5–157). Tilburg University Press.
  8. Ruse, M. (1999). Darwin and the Philosophers. In R. Creath & J. Maienschein (Eds.), Biology and epistemology (p. 3). Cambridge University Press.
  9. Ruse, M. (2000). The Theory of Punctuated Equilibria. In P. K. Machamer, M. Pera, & Baltas Aristeide?s (Eds.), Scientific controversies: philosophical and historical perspectives (p. 230). Oxford University Press.
  10. Ruse, M. (2002). Evolutionary Biology and Teleological Thinking. In Ariew Andre, R. Cummins, & M. Perlman (Eds.), Functions: New Essays in the Philosophy of Psychology and Biology (pp. 33–60). Oxford University Press.
  11. Ruse, M. (2003). Modern Biologists and the Argument From Design. In N. A. Manson (Ed.), God and design: the teleological argument and modern science. Routledge.
  12. Ruse, M. (2003). On Behalf of the Fool. In J. A. Campbell & S. C. Meyer (Eds.), Darwinism, design, and public education (pp. 475–485). Michigan State University Press.
  13. Ruse, M. (2003). Evolutionary Naturalism. In A. J. Sanford & P. N. Johnson-Laird (Eds.), The nature and limits of human understanding (pp. 401–405). T & T Clark.
  14. Ruse, M. (2003). A Darwinian Understanding of Epistemology. In A. J. Sanford & P. N. Johnson-Laird (Eds.), The nature and limits of human understanding (p. 111). T & T Clark.
  15. Ruse, M. (2003). Belief in God in a Darwinian Age. In J. Hodge & G. Radick (Eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Darwin (p. 333). Cambridge University Press.
  16. Cuddington, K., & Ruse, M. (2004). Biodiversity, Darwin, and the Fossil Record. In M. Oksanen & J. Pietarinen (Eds.), Philosophy and Biodiversity (pp. 101–118). Cambridge University Press.
  17. Ruse, M. (2005). Evolutionary Biology and the Question of Trust. In N. Koertge (Ed.), Scientific Values and Civic Virtues (p. 99). OUP Usa.
  18. Ruse, M. (2006). Kant and Evolution. In J. E. H. Smith (Ed.), The Problem of Animal Generation in Early Modern Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.
  19. Ruse, M. (2008). The Philosophy of Evolutionary Theory. In A. Tucker (Ed.), A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography (pp. 307–317). Wiley-Blackwell.
  20. Ruse, M. (2008). Alfred Russel Wallace, the Discovery of Natural Selection, and the Origins of Humankind. In O. Harman & M. Dietrich (Eds.), Rebels, Mavericks, and Heretics in Biology (p. 20). Yale University Press.
  21. Ruse, M. (2009). The View From Somewhere: A Critical Defense of Evolutionary Epistemology. In M. Ruse (Ed.), Philosophy After Darwin: Classic and Contemporary Readings (pp. 247–275). Princeton University Press.
  22. Ruse, M. (2009). The Biological Sciences Can Act as a Ground for Ethics. In Ayala Francisco Jose? & R. Arp (Eds.), Contemporary debates in philosophy of biology (pp. 297–315). Wiley-Blackwell.
  23. Ruse, M. (2009). The Biological Sciences Can Act as a Ground for Ethics. In Ayala Francisco Jose? & R. Arp (Eds.), Contemporary debates in philosophy of biology. Wiley-Blackwell.
  24. Swift, A., Swinburne, R., Jackson, F., Benn, P., Double, R., Mason, M., Jackson, R., Ruse, M., Sidelle, A., & Bradie, M. (2009). Issue Six• Spring 2004. In D. Papineau (Ed.), Philosophy (p. 175003). Oxford University Press.
  25. Ruse, M., & Wilson, E. O. (2009). Moral Philosophy as Applied Science. In M. Ruse (Ed.), Philosophy After Darwin: Classic and Contemporary Readings (pp. 365–379). Princeton University Press.
  26. Ruse, M. (2009). Evolution and Ethics: The Sociobiological Approach. In M. Ruse (Ed.), Philosophy After Darwin: Classic and Contemporary Readings (pp. 489–511). Princeton University Press.
  27. Ruse, M. (2009). The Origin of the Origin. In M. Ruse & R. J. Richards (Eds.), The Cambridge companion to the “Origin of species”. Cambridge University Press.
  28. Ruse, M. (2010). Biology. In J. Skorupski (Ed.), The Routledge Companion to Ethics. Routledge.
  29. Ruse, M. (2010). Evolution and the Idea of Social Progress. In D. Alexander & R. L. Numbers (Eds.), Biology and Ideology From Descartes to Dawkins. University of Chicago Press.
  30. Ruse, M. (2010). Atheism, Naturalism and Science: Three in One? In P. Harrison (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Science and Religion. Cambridge University Press.
  31. Ruse, M. (2011). The Place of Artificial Selection in Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Through Natural Selection. In G. J. Morgan (Ed.), Philosophy of Science Matters: The Philosophy of Peter Achinstein (p. 203). Oxford University Press.
  32. Ruse, M. (2011). Evolutionary Medicine. In M. H. Brinkworth & F. Weinert (Eds.), Evolution 2.0: implications of Darwinism in philosophy and the social and natural sciences (pp. 177–189). Springer.
  33. Ruse, M. (2012). The Compatibility of Science and Religion: Why the Warfare Thesis Is False. In Y. Nagasawa (Ed.), Scientific Approaches to the Philosophy of Religion (p. 255). Palgrave-Macmillan.
  34. Ruse, M. (2012). Darwinism and Atheism. In J. B. Stump & A. G. Padgett (Eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity (pp. 246–257). Wiley-Blackwell.
  35. Ruse, M. (2013). Naturalism and the Scientific Method. In S. Bullivant & M. Ruse (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism (p. 383). Oxford University Press UK.
  36. Ruse, M. (2013). Popular Science to Professional Science. In M. Pigliucci & M. Boudry (Eds.), Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem (p. 225). University of Chicago Press.
  37. Ruse, M. (2013). Form and Function in Biology: Placing Brian Goodwin. In B. C. Goodwin, D. Lambert, C. Chetland, & C. Millar (Eds.), The intuitive way of knowing: a tribute to Brian Goodwin. Floris Books.
  38. Wilson, E. O., & Ruse, M. (2013). Heredity” and “The Evolution of Ethics”. In J. Foss (Ed.), Science and the World: Philosophical Approaches. Broadview Press.
  39. Bullivant, S., & Ruse, M. (2013). Introduction. In S. Bullivant & M. Ruse (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. Oxford University Press UK.
  40. Ruse, M. (2013). Creationism Considered”. In J. Foss (Ed.), Science and the World: Philosophical Approaches. Broadview Press.
  41. Ruse, M. (2013). Natural Theology: The Biological Sciences. In J. H. Brooke, F. Watts, & R. R. Manning (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Natural Theology (p. 397). Oxford Up.
  42. Ruse, M. (2014). Evolution and Ethics in Victorian Britain. In W. J. Mander (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of British Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford University Press.
  43. Ruse, M. (2018). Evolution and the Naturalistic Fallacy. In N. Sinclair (Ed.), The Naturalistic Fallacy. Cambridge University Press.
  44. Ruse, M. (2019). Removing God From Biology. In P. Harrison & J. H. Roberts (Eds.), Science Without God?: Rethinking the History of Scientific Naturalism. Oxford University Press.
  45. Ruse, M. (2019). Evil and Atheistic Moral Skepticism. In W. P. Franks (Ed.), Explaining Evil: Four Views. Bloomsbury Academic.
  46. Ruse, M. (2019). Evolution. In G. Oppy (Ed.), A Companion to Atheism and Philosophy (pp. 323–339). Blackwell.
  47. Ruse, M. (2023). Origin’s Chapter Iv: The Newton of the Blade of Grass. In M. E. Brzezinski Prestes (Ed.), Understanding Evolution in Darwin’s “Origin”: The Emerging Context of Evolutionary Thinking (pp. 245–259). Springer.
  48. Ruse, M. (2024). Hatred: Why Do Such Nice People Do Such Awful Things? In S. Chakraborty (Ed.), Human Minds and Cultures (pp. 89–107). Springer Nature Switzerland. 

 

Livros

 

  1. Ruse, M. (1973). Philosophy of Biology. Prometheus Books.
  2. Ruse, M. (1979). Sociobiology: Sense or Nonsense? Reidel.
  3. Ruse, M. (1979). The Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw. University of Chicago Press.
  4. Ruse, M. (1981). Is Science Sexist?: And Other Problems in the Biomedical Sciences. Springer.
  5. Ruse, M. (1986). Taking Darwin Seriously: A Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy. Prometheus Books.
  6. Ruse, M. (1988). Homosexuality: A Philosophical Inquiry. Blackwell.
  7. Ruse, M. (1988). Philosophy of Biology Today: On the Outside of Europe Looking In. State University of New York Press.
  8. Ruse, M. (1989). The Darwinian Paradigm: Essays on Its History, Philosophy, and Religious Implications. Routledge.
  9. Ruse, M. (1989). What the Philosophy of Biology Is: Essays Dedicated to David Hull. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  10. Ruse, M. (1995). Evolutionary Naturalism: Selected Essays. Routledge.
  11. Hull, D. L., & Ruse, M. (1998). The Philosophy of Biology. Oxford University Press.
  12. Ruse, M. (1999). Mystery of Mysteries: Is Evolution a Social Construct? Harvard University Press
  13. Maienschein, J., & Ruse, M. (1999). Biology and the Foundation of Ethics. Cambridge University Press.
  14. Ruse, M. (2000). The Evolution Wars: A Guide to the Debates. ABC-CLIO.
  15. Ruse, M. (2001). Can a Darwinian Be a Christian?: The Relationship Between Science and Religion. Cambridge University Press.
  16. Ruse, M. (2003). Darwin and Design: Does Evolution Have a Purpose? Harvard University Press.
  17. Dembski William, A., & Ruse, M. (2004). Debating Design: From Darwin to Dna. Cambridge University Press.
  18. Lustig, A., Richards, R. J., & Ruse, M. (2004). Darwinian Heresies. Cambridge University Press.
  19. Ruse, M. (2006). Darwinism and Its Discontents. Cambridge University Press.
  20. Hull, D. L., & Ruse, M. (2007). The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Biology. Cambridge University Press.
  21. Ruse, M. (2008). Evolution and Religion: A Dialogue. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  22. Pennock, R. T., & Ruse, M. (2008). But Is It Science?: The Philosophical Question in the Creation/evolution Controversy. Prometheus Books.
  23. Ruse, M. (2008). Charles Darwin. Blackwell.
  24. Ruse, M. (2008). The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Biology. Oxford University Press.
  25. Ruse, M., & Travis, J. (2009). Evolution: The First Four Billion Years. Harvard University Press.
  26. Ruse, M. (2009). Philosophy After Darwin: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Princeton University Press.
  27. Ruse, M., & Richards, R. J. (2009). The Cambridge Companion to the “Origin of Species”. Cambridge University Press.
  28. Ruse, M. (2009). Evolution and Ethics. Princeton University Press.
  29. Ruse, M. (2009). Defining Darwin: Essays on the History and Philosophy of Evolutionary Biology. Prometheus Books.
  30. Ruse, M. (2009). The Evolution Wars: A Guide to the Debates. Grey House.
  31. Ruse, M. (2010). Science and Spirituality: Making Room for Faith in the Age of Science. Cambridge University Press.
  32. Ruse, M. (2012). The Philosophy of Human Evolution. Cambridge University Press.
  33. Bullivant, S., & Ruse, M. (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. Oxford University Press UK.
  34. Lineweaver, C. H., Davies, P. C. W., & Ruse, M. (2013). Complexity and the Arrow of Time. Cambridge University Press.
  35. Ruse, M. (2013). The Gaia Hypothesis: Science on a Pagan Planet. University of Chicago Press.
  36. Ruse, M. (2013). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Darwin and Evolutionary Thought. Cambridge University Press.
  37. Ruse, M. (2015). Atheism: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oup Usa.
  38. Peterson, M. L., & Ruse, M. (2016). Science, Evolution, and Religion: A Debate About Atheism and Theism. Oxford University Press USA.
  39. Ruse, M. (2016). Darwinism as Religion: What Literature Tells Us About Evolution. Oxford University Press USA.
  40. Richards, R. J., & Ruse, M. (2016). Debating Darwin. University of Chicago Press USA.
  41. Larson, E. J., & Ruse, M. (2017). On Faith and Science. Yale University Press.
  42. Ruse, M., & Richards, R. J. (2017). The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Ethics. Cambridge University Press.
  43. Ruse, M. (2017). On Purpose. Princeton University Press.
  44. Ruse, M. (2018). The Problem of War: Darwinism, Christianity, and Their Battle to Understand Human Conflict. Oup Usa.
  45. Ruse, M. (2019). A Meaning to Life. Oup Usa.
  46. Franks, W. P. (2019). Explaining Evil: Four Views. Bloomsbury Academic.
  47. Ruse, M. (2019). Monotheism and Contemporary Atheism. Cambridge University Press.
  48. Ruse, M. (2019). The Darwinian Revolution. Cambridge University Press.
  49. Davies, B., & Ruse, M. (2020). Taking God Seriously: Two Different Voices. Cambridge University Press.
  50. Ruse, M. (2021). A Philosopher Looks at Human Beings. Cambridge University Press.
  51. O’Connell, J., & Ruse, M. (2021). Social Darwinism. Cambridge University Press.
  52. Ruse, M. (2022). Why We Hate: Understanding the Roots of Human Conflict. OUP Usa.
  53. Ruse, M. (2024). Charles Darwin: No Rebel, Great Revolutionary. Cambridge University Press.

Citação bibliográfica deste artigo:

CARLOS, Anderson Ricardo; PAVANI, Marcelo Monetti; PRESTES, Maria Elice Brzezinski. Michael Ruse (1940–2024): Um Legado Incontornável na Filosofia e História da Biologia. Boletim de História e Filosofia da Biologia, 18 (4), dez. 2024. Versão online disponível em: https://www.abfhib.org. Acesso em: dd/mm/aaaa. [colocar a data de acesso à versão online]

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