Obituary: Michael Ruse (1940–2024): A Monumental Legacy in the Philosophy and History of Biology”, by Anderson Ricardo Carlos, Marcelo Monetti Pavani e Maria Elice de Brzezinski Prestes

ISSN 1982-1026

Boletim de História e Filosofia da Biologia

Volume 18, número 4
Dezembro de 2024

Publicado pela Associação Brasileira de Filosofia e História da Biologia (ABFHiB)

Obituary: “Michael Ruse (1940–2024): A Monumental Legacy in the Philosophy and History of Biology”

Anderson Ricardo Carlos1, Marcelo Monetti Pavani2 e Maria Elice de Brzezinski Prestes3

1 Doutorando do Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades de Ensino de Ciências, USP

andersonr.carlos@usp.br

2  Mestrando do Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades de Ensino de Ciências, USP

marcelopavani@alumni.usp.br 

3 Profa. Sênior do Instituto de Biociências da USP

eprestes@ib.usp.br

Photo: Michael Ruse with his non-human son, Scruffy. Source: personal archive available on the internet.

“A titan has fallen.”

Thus, Betty Smocovitis, a historian of biology, announced on her Facebook page that Michael Escott Ruse passed away on November 1, 2024, at the age of 84. A renowned philosopher and historian of biology, Ruse left behind an impressive legacy. Referring to him as a titan is not merely an elegant tribute: anyone wishing to delve into the study of the philosophy and history of biology, particularly discussions on evolutionary theory and Charles Darwin, will inevitably grapple with Ruse’s work.

This is because his name, along with David Lee Hull (1935–2010), is central to the very emergence of the Philosophy of Biology as a subfield of the Philosophy of Science in the 1970s. After all, Hull and Ruse were the first authors to name their books after this field. Ruse’s Philosophy of Biology was published in 1973, followed by Hull’s Philosophy of Biological Science in 1974. Ruse established his place among the founders of the field by launching a dedicated journal, Philosophy & Biology, in 1986, which he edited until 2000.

Born in Birmingham, England, in 1940, Ruse attended Bootham School, a private Quaker boarding school in York, as noted in his recent book, A Meaning to Life (2019). He studied Mathematics and Philosophy at the University of Bristol, where he earned a bachelor’s degree in Philosophy in 1962. Ruse then moved to Canada to pursue a master’s degree in Philosophy at McMaster University, completing it in 1964 in Hamilton, Ontario. After a brief period at the University of Rochester in England, he returned to Canada in 1965, having been accepted with just a master’s degree at age 25. He was appointed as a research professor to help establish the Department of Philosophy at the University of Guelph in Ontario, earning his doctorate in Philosophy from the University of Bristol in 1970. Ruse taught at Guelph’s agricultural college for 35 years, appreciating an environment where, as he noted in a 2015 interview, he never faced discrimination from colleagues at prestigious universities like Toronto or McGill—a striking contrast to the class-based hierarchies of English universities. In 2000, due to retirement regulations, Ruse relocated to the U.S. to take up the Lucyle T. Werkmeister Chair of Philosophy at Florida State University (FSU). There, he founded and directed the university’s History and Philosophy of Science Program, focusing on undergraduate minors and graduate studies. He continued to teach and supervise students until his retirement at age 81 in 2020.

Among the aspects of Ruse’s academic genius that make him relevant and even unavoidable for anyone interested in the philosophy and history of biology are his impressive productivity and the diverse range of topics in which he was quite influential during the debates.

Since 1969, his scientific output encompasses almost three hundred articles and almost five dozen book chapters. The most fascinating aspect for a philosopher of biology and a philosopher of religion—the other field he mentioned on his PhilPapers page—is the remarkable number of books: 53, as we were able to determine—despite more than one obituary citing 70—while reviewing and adding titles to the exportable list of his work on PhilPapers. These 383 published items are listed in the appendix of this article. To account for his high productivity, Don Dedrick noted the following in Ruse’s obituary at the University of Guelph: 

Since he read extensively, remembered what he read, and was adept at drawing conclusions, he could write 5,000 words at a time without effort and ended up publishing around seventy thoroughly researched books. (Dedrick in Leiter, 2024)

Michael Ruse’s writing displays a distinctive, personal style. It combines erudition with engaging, impactful prose. His books offer fluid, enjoyable, and thought-provoking reading, making even the most complex subjects approachable.

Regarding the variety of topics, his studies on Darwin’s work are particularly notable. Ruse has shown that Darwin’s contributions differ from the Modern Synthesis of Evolution presented in educational textbooks. Key books include Philosophy After Darwin: Classic and Contemporary Readings (2009), The Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw (1979, with an expanded second edition in 1999), Debating Darwin (2016, co-authored with his distinguished interlocutor, Prof. Robert Richards), and Mystery of Mysteries: Is Evolution a Social Construct? (1999). Important works edited by Ruse include The Cambridge Companion to the “Origin of Species” (2009, co-authored with Robert Richards) and The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Darwin and Evolutionary Thought (2013).

Michael Ruse also dedicated significant intellectual effort to exploring potential links between evolutionary biology and ethics. His goal, as he articulated, was “to bring Darwinism from the lab and the field into our lives, our understanding, and our ways of living” (Ruse, 2019, p. xiv). This pursuit resulted in several works, including Evolution and Ethics (2009), Why We Hate: Understanding the Roots of Human Conflict (2022), and Biology and the Foundation of Ethics (1999, co-authored with Jane Maienschein), along with The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Ethics (2017, co-edited with Robert Richards).

Ruse has made substantial contributions to the discussion on the relationship between religion and science. In this domain, he has authored several noteworthy works, including Can a Darwinian Be a Christian? The Relationship Between Science and Religion (2001), Evolution and Religion: A Dialogue (2008), Atheism, What Everyone Needs to Know (2015), and On Faith and Science (2017), which he co-authored with historian Edward J. Larson. While he has advocated for the respectful coexistence of religious and scientific perspectives, Ruse has been an outspoken critic of the creationist movement and has acted beyond writing. He played a vital role in the trial known as McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education. This lawsuit, filed by parents and various organizations—including religious groups, teachers, and biologists—argued that the Balanced Treatment for Creation-Science and Evolution-Science Act (Act 590 of 1981) was unconstitutional. This act required that discussions of evolution and “creation science” receive equal treatment, including equal class time, in Arkansas public schools. The ruling, which favored the plaintiffs, was delivered by Judge William R. Overton and was partially based on Professor Ruse’s testimony as an expert witness. In contrast to other evolutionists, notably Richard Dawkins, Ruse also directed his criticism at the radicalism that atheism embraced, particularly in the early 2000s. A compelling, though concise, examination of this conflict can be found in his 2019 book Monotheism and Contemporary Atheism.

Still amidst controversies, which Ruse did not shy away from and even enjoyed participating in, he engaged in intense discussions in the late 1970s about sociobiology, a field of research promoted by his friend Edward O. Wilson (1929-2021). Ruse extensively discussed the biological and philosophical foundations of sociobiology, as well as the main criticisms raised at the time, in his book Sociobiology: Sense or Nonsense?, published in 1979 (which later received a Brazilian translation, published by Editora Itatiaia/USP in 1983).

Ruse’s writing brought several other issues to the attention of the philosophy of biology, such as the impact of biomedical advancements enabled by then-novel molecular genetics techniques (Is Science Sexist? And Other Problems in the Biomedical Sciences, 1981); ethical and moral questions surrounding homosexuality (Homosexuality: A Philosophical Inquiry, published in 1988 but written, according to Ruse (1994, p. 27), in the early 1980s); and the Gaia Hypothesis, interviewing its leading proponents (such as biologists James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis) for his 2013 book The Gaia Hypothesis: Science on a Pagan Planet.

It was not uncommon for it to generate some discomfort, as was occasionally noticed at conferences. In the fond and emotional testimonies in his memory, listed on Brian Leiter’s blog, we find an echo of this aspect of his personality: “Michael had a well-deserved reputation for being difficult, but he was always extremely generous and cordial to me.” He was portrayed as “brusque” ​​as “[…] one of the most “difficult” people I’ve encountered in the profession, yes. And often as not, in the same sentence, one of the most generous and caring. A giant, as both a philosopher and a human”

Thus, we can see that the generous academic guidance, the attention he dedicated to his students, his sharp humor, and human warmth are invariably linked to the memory he left behind. “[…] a lot of the graduate students in the department were there because of him”; “Ruse was the bawdy, brusque, and avuncular dissertation advisor I didn’t know I needed, and the lessons I learned from him have reverberated in my life throughout the years.” “Being close with Michael meant being immersed in his extended family of students, friends, colleagues, and actual family.” “Yes, Michael could be difficult, even to his close friends. But let’s say no more about that – aren’t we all? He was also one of the warmest, most generous people I have ever met.”

Michael Ruse’s interactions with some members of the Brazilian community of philosophers and historians of biology were marked by his warmth and keen interest in collaboration. He took part in events organized in 1999 by the Interdisciplinary Group in Philosophy and History of Science (GIFHC) at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), which was led by the late Professor Anna Carolina Regner (1947–2020). Ruse’s collaboration with the group also included publishing his article “Metaphor and Evolutionary Biology” in the journal established by Anna Carolina and edited by her and Atico Chassot, Episteme: Philosophy and History of Science in Review.

 

Photo: Anna Carolina Regner, Betty Smocovitis, and Michael Ruse in Porto Alegre, Brazil, probably in 1999. Source: personal archive of Anna Carolina Regner.

Professor Maria Elice de Brzezinski Prestes also valued Ruse’s enthusiastic availability on the occasions she taught the course “On the Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin” at the Institute of Biosciences of the University of São Paulo (USP). In 2018, after receiving a note about a class in which his book, co-authored with Robert Richards, Debating Darwin, was discussed, Ruse sent the following email, on October 1, 2018:

Bob forwarded your note to him – apart from the pride of being picked out as good enough to merit debate, how splendid it is to see young folk from other parts of the world all entering into a debate of great interest to us all – it is the kind of moment when I feel really privileged to be an educator – and by this I mean to include you and Bob – you are my kind of teacher Michael

Michael Ruse
Lucyle T. Werkmeister Professor of Philosophy
Director of the Program in the History and Philosophy of Science
Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306
Professor Emeritus, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
http://hps.fsu.edu/

 

In the following year, during a new course offering, Ruse was informed that the number of students had doubled compared to the previous year, and all were enthusiastic about reading On the Origin of Species and exploring the contributions of German Romanticism to biology. Once again, his especially provocative and playful spirit manifested itself in an email dated September 22, 2019:

Wow – I didn’t know we had been debated at USP – but any chance to show that Bob [Richards] is wrong is great for me!!
Michael

In 2021, at the height of social isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Ruse delivered an online lecture to the students of the course. Continuing his collaboration, he enthusiastically supported the publication of a volume compiling the course lectures, promptly contributing his chapter for the book Understanding Evolution in Darwin’s Origin: The Emerging Context of Evolutionary Thinking, organized by Prestes and published by Springer in 2023. It is worth mentioning that over the years, Michael has always been invaluable and generous in responding to email queries from students in the research group, the Laboratory of History of Biology and Teaching (LaHBE) at IB-USP.

Michael Ruse was widely acknowledged throughout his lifetime. He was elected as a member of prestigious societies such as the Royal Society of Canada and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He received honors including the Bertrand Russell Society Award in 2014 and the David L. Hull Prize, which was awarded by the International Society for the History, Philosophy and Social Studies of Biology (ISHPSSB) in 2021. Ruse was granted honorary degrees by several universities, including University College London. He also held notable lectureships, serving as the Herbert Spencer Lecturer at the University of Oxford (1994) and as a Gifford Lecturer in Natural Theology at the University of Glasgow (2001). Recognition of the size of his legacy can be assessed by the testimonies of various historians and philosophers of biology, impacted by his disappearance, on Brian Leiter’s aforementioned blog, in addition to the obituaries listed at the end of this article.

Raised in a Christian environment—he described it as “being a Quaker, with a great emphasis not only on the moral duties of life but also on the mystical nature of the Divinity and our encounter with it” (Ruse, 2019, p. ix)—Ruse abandoned his faith during his youth. Nevertheless, he continued to reflect deeply on purpose and meaning in life:

Ultimately, I can give you a good Darwinian account of Meaning in terms of our evolved human nature. […] I have worked hard in my life to do what I do—raise five children, teach for over fifty years, write more books than it is decent to count. I found it immensely satisfying. I see no reason to expect anything beyond this. From an eternity of oblivion. To an eternity of oblivion. Everlasting dreamless sleep, with the need to get up in the middle of it to go to the bathroom. […] In the end, though, I am an agnostic. I just don’t know whether life has any— time for those capitals—Ultimate Meaning. (Ruse, 2019, p. 169)

Ruse’s agnosticism did not signify a lack of purpose. On the contrary, he discovered his sense of meaning in the richness of everyday life.

I am with J. B. S. Haldane on these things: ‘My own suspicion is that the Universe is not only queerer than we suppose, but queerer than we can suppose’ (1927, 286). There may be something more. There may not. Don’t spend your life agonizing about this or letting people manipulate you with false promises. Think for yourself, as my Quaker mentors insisted. Life here and now can be fun and rewarding, deeply meaningful. Remember, Hume didn´t just played backgammon—he dined, he conversed, he was ‘merry with my friends.’ Like I said: a nice cup of tea, or perhaps a single malt, and a chat. With my beloved graduate students and Scruffy[1] joining the conversation! Live for the real present, not the hoped- for future.” (Ruse, 2019, p. 170)

 Professor Michael Ruse, along with his non-human son Scruffy, is survived by his wife Lizzie, five children, seven grandchildren, and an immeasurable number of readers who will continue to engage with him through his writings, accompanied by cups of tea—and perhaps whisky.

References and Obituaries

  1. Evolution News. Remembering Michael Ruse, by William A. Dembski. November 6, 2024. <https://evolutionnews.org/2024/11/remembering-michael-ruse/>. 

Florida State University (FSU), Department of Philosophy. In Memoriam. November 6, 2024. <https://philosophy.fsu.edu/article/memoriam-0>. 

Leiter Reports: A Philosophy Blog.  In Memoriam: Michael Ruse (1940-2024), posted by Brian Leiter. November 1, 2024. <https://leiterreports.typepad.com/blog/2024/11/in-memoriam-michael-ruse-1940-2024.html>. 

National Center for Science Education (NCSE). Michael Ruse, influential historian and philosopher of biology, dies at 84, by Glenn Branch. November 4, 2024. <https://ncse.ngo/michael-ruse-influential-historian-and-philosopher-biology-dies-84>.

Ruse, M. (1994). From Belief to Unbelief and Halfway Back. Zygon, 29(1), 25–35.

Ruse, Michael. 2019. A Meaning to Life. New York: Oxford University Press.

Sosis, Cliff. Blog: What is like to be a philosopher? Interview with Michael Ruse. 4 de maio de 2015. <https://www.whatisitliketobeaphilosopher.com/#/michaelruse/>. 

The Globe and Mail. Philosopher of science Michael Ruse never shied away from controversy, by Dan Falk. November 4/10, 2024. <https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-
philosopher-of-science-never-shied-away-from-controversy/>. 

The University of Chicago. Committee on the Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science. Remembering Michael Ruse, CHSS co-author and colleague, by Robert Richards. November 12, 2024. <https://socialsciences.uchicago.edu/news/remembering-michael-
ruse-chss-co-author-and-colleague>.

University of Guelph. Dr. Michael Ruse, Professor Emeritus, Philosophy, has died, by Don Dedrick. November 7, 2024. <https://www.uoguelph.ca/arts/philosophy/news/dr-michael-
ruse-professor-emeritus-philosophy-has-died>. 

 

Notas

 [1] Scuffy McGruff is Ruse’s little dog, a Cairn Terrier, featured in the photo that opens this text. According to Ruse, “We have serious discussions about armadillos and their vulnerability” (Ruse, 2019, p. 162).

 

APPENDIX: Michael Ruse’s publications

Articles

  1. Ruse, M. (1969). Confirmation and Falsification of Theories of Evolution. Scientia, 63(n/a), 329.
  2. Ruse, M. (1969). Confirmation Et Réfutation Des Théories De L’évolution. Scientia, 63(n/a), du Supplém. 179.
  3. Ruse, M. (1969). Science: Men, Methods, Goals. Edited by Boruch Brody and Nicholas Capaldi. New York, W. A. Benjamin. 1968. Pp. 343. Hard Cover $8.00; Paperback $2.85. Dialogue, 8(1), 164–165.
  4. Ruse, M. (1969). Definitions of Species in Biology. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 20(2), 97–119.
  5. Ruse, M. E. (1970). Are There Laws in Biology? Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 48(2), 234: 246.
  6. Ruse, M. (1970). Discovery in the Physical Sciences. By Richard J. Blackwell. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1969. Pp. Xii, 240. $8.50. Dialogue, 9(3), 480–485.
  7. Ruse, M. E. (1970). The Revolution in Biology. Theoria, 36(1), 1–22.
  8. Ruse, M. E. (1970). Essays in Philosophical Analysis. By Nicholas Rescher. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1969, Pp. X, 430, $14.95. Dialogue, 8(4), 721–724.
  9. Ruse, M. (1971). Reduction, Replacement, and Molecular Biology. Dialectica, 25(1), 39–72.
  10. Ruse, M., Opp, K.-D., & Hetzler, H. W. (1971). Reviews. Theory and Decision, 1(4), 399–406.
  11. Ruse, M. (1971). The Species Problem: A Reply to Hull. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 22(4), 369–371.
  12. Ruse, M. (1971). C. H. Anderson , “Sociological Essays and Research”. Theory and Decision, 1(4), 399.
  13. Ruse, M. E. (1971). Reduction, Replacement, and Molecular Biology. Dialectica, 25(1), 39–72.
  14. Ruse, M. (1971). Natural Selection in the Origin of Species; Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 1(4), 311.
  15. Ruse, M. (1971). Anomalies and Scientific Theories. Willard C. Humphreys. Philosophy of Science, 38(4), 614–616.
  16. Ruse, M. E. (1971). Functional Statements in Biology. Philosophy of Science, 38(1), 87–95.
  17. Ruse, M. (1971). Narrative Explanation and the Theory of Evolution. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 1(1), 59–74.
  18. Ruse, M. (1971). Un Messaggio All’umanità. Scientia, 65(n/a), 1105.
  19. Ruse, M. (1971). Anomalies and Scientific Theories. Philosophy of Science, 38(4), 614–616.
  20. Ruse, M. E. (1971). Two Biological Revolutions. Dialectica, 25(1), 17–38.
  21. Ruse, M. (1971). Philosophy, Science, and Method: Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel. Edited by S. Morgenbesser, P. Suppes, and Morton White. New York: St. Martin’s Press; Toronto: Macmillan, 1969. Pp. Ix, 613. $12.50. Dialogue, 10(3), 581–584.
  22. Ruse, M. (1971). Is the Theory of Evolution Different? Scientia, 65(6), 1069.
  23. Ruse, M. (1971). Un Libro Bianco Sulla Tutela Dell’ambiente Naturale. Scientia, 65(n/a), 1095.
  24. Ruse, M. (1971). Historical and Philosophical Perspectives of Science. Edited by Roger H. Stuewer. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; Toronto: Copp Clark. 1970. Pp. Xix, 384. $11.50. Dialogue, 10(4), 832–835.
  25. Ruse, M. (1972). Bunge on Time. Philosophy of Science, 39(1), 82.
  26. Ruse, M. (1972). John Madge, “The Tools of Social Science”. Theory and Decision, 2(3), 299.
  27. Ruse, M. (1972). Towards a Theoretical Biology. Philosophy of Science, 39(1), 105–106.
  28. Herzig, S. J., Opp, K.-D., Ruse, M. E., Madsen, K. B., McMurtry, J., & Roloff, S. (1972). Reviews. Theory and Decision, 3(2), 180–200.
  29. Ruse, M. (1972). Biological Adaptation. Philosophy of Science, 39(4), 525–528.
  30. Ruse, M. (1972). Book Review:towards a Theoretical Biology C. H. Waddington. Philosophy of Science, 39(1), 105–.
  31. Ruse, M. E. (1972). The Relations Between the Sciences. Philosophy of Science, 39(1), 91–92.
  32. Ruse, M. E. (1972). Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave , “Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge”. Theory and Decision, 3(2), 187.
  33. Kleiner, S. A., Brand, M., Ruse, M., Michalos, A. C., & Lehman, H. (1972). Reviews. Theory and Decision, 2(3), 291–305.
  34. Ruse, M. E. (1972). Book Review: the Relations Between the Sciences C. F. A. Pantin. Philosophy of Science, 39(1), 91–.
  35. Ruse, M. (1973). Teleological Explanations and the Animal World. Mind, 82(327), 433–436.
  36. Ruse, M. (1973). The Nature of Scientific Models : Formal v Material Analogy. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 3(1), 63–80.
  37. Ruse, M. (1973). A Reply to Wright’s Analysis of Functional Statements. Philosophy of Science, 40(2), 277–280.
  38. Ruse, M. (1973). The Philosophy of Science (1973); Williams, Mb. In M. Bunge (Ed.), The methodological unity of science (p. 105). Reidel.
  39. Ruse, M. (1973). The Value of Analogical Models in Science. Dialogue, 12(2), 246–253.
  40. Ruse, M. (1973). The Matter of Life: Philosophical Problems of Biology. By Michael A. Simon. New Haven and London: Yale University Press; Montreal: Mc Gill Queen’s University Press. 1971. Pp. Xi, 258. $7.50. Dialogue, 12(1), 157–158.
  41. Ruse, M. (1974). Biology and the History of the Future, Edited by C. H. Waddington, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1972, Pp. Vii, 72, 50 P. Dialogue, 13(2), 402–403.
  42. Ruse, M. (1974). Essay Review: The Darwin Industry — a Critical Evalution: The Triumph of the Darwinian Method, Charles Darwin: The Years of Controversy, Wallace and Natural Selection. History of Science, 12(1), 43–58.
  43. Ruse, M. (1974). The Process of Model Building in the Behavioral Sciences. Theory and Decision, 4(3/4), 401.
  44. Ruse, M. (1974). Reduction in Genetics. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1974, 633–651.
  45. Ruse, M. (1974). Cultural Evolution. Theory and Decision, 5(4), 413–440.
  46. Ruse, M. (1974). Kant’s Concept of Teleology. By J. D. Mc Farland. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1970, Pp. Ix, 150. £2. Dialogue, 13(1), 192–195.
  47. Weinberger, O., Pettit, P., Gottinger, H.-W., Lehman, H., Barry, C. B., Blanchette, O., Ruse, M., McMurtry, J., Walsh, F. M., White, J. E., & Kleiner, S. A. (1974). Reviews. Theory and Decision, 4(3-4), 373–426.
  48. Ruse, M. (1975). Woodger on Genetics a Critical Evaluation. Acta Biotheoretica, 24(1-2), 1–13.
  49. Bacon, J., White, A. R., Glouberman, M., Davis, L. H., Weiler, G., Bub, J., Niiniluoto, I., Melzer, Y., Levy, Z., Biderman, S., Raz, J., Lieb, I. C., & Ruse, M. (1975). Book Reviews. Philosophia, 5(3), 319–384.
  50. Ruse, M. (1975). Darwin and His Critics: The Reception of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by the Scientific Community. David Hull. Philosophy of Science, 42(3), 338–339.
  51. Ruse, M. (1975). Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution: An Analysis. Journal of the History of Biology, 8(2), 219–241.
  52. Ruse, M. (1975). Darwin’s Debt to Philosophy: An Examination of the Influence of the Philosophical Ideas of John f.w. Herschel and William Whewell on the Development of Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 6(2), 159–181.
  53. Ruse, M. (1975). Charles Darwin and Artificial Selection. Journal of the History of Ideas, 36(2), 339.
  54. Ruse, M. (1975). Philosophy of Biological Science by David Hull. Isis, 66(3), 416–417.
  55. Ruse, M. (1975). Narrative Explanation Revisited. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 4(3), 529–533.
  56. Ruse, M. (1976). Expressions in Movement and the Arts: A Philosophical Enquiry. By David Best. London, Lepus Books, 1974, Pp. Xvi and 203. £2.75. Canadian f.d.s. Audio Visual, $8.25. Dialogue, 15(1), 148–150.
  57. Ruse, M. (1976). The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change. R. C. Lewontin. Philosophy of Science, 43(2), 302–304.
  58. Ruse, M. (1976). Charles Lyell and the Philosophers of Science. British Journal for the History of Science, 9(2), 121–131.
  59. Ruse, M. (1976). Sociobiology: Sound Science or Muddled Metaphysics? PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1976, 48–73.
  60. Ruse, M. (1976). The Scientific Methodology of William Whewell. Centaurus, 20(3), 227–257.
  61. Ruse, M. (1976). Studies in the Philosophy of Biology. Reduction and Related Problems Franciso José Ayala Theodosius Dobzhansky. Isis, 67(3), 479–481.
  62. Ruse, M. (1976). The Understanding of Nature: Essays in the Philosophy of Biology. By Marjorie Grene. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 23. Dordrecht, Reidel, 1974, Pp. Xii + 374. Cloth, Us $32.50; Paper, Us $17.50. Dialogue, 15(4), 702–704.
  63. Ruse, M. (1977). The Philosophy of Karl Popper. Teaching Philosophy, 2(2), 199–202.
  64. Ruse, M. (1977). William Whewell and the Argument From Design. The Monist, 60(2), 244–268.
  65. Ruse, M. (1977). Karl Popper’s Philosophy of Biology. Philosophy of Science, 44(4), 638–661.
  66. Ruse, M. (1978). Critical Notice of Andrew Woodfield, Teleology, and Larry Wright, Teleological Explanations. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 8(1), 191–203.
  67. Ruse, M. (1978). What Kind of Revolution Occurred in Geology? PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1978, 240–273.
  68. Ruse, M. (1978). Problems of Scientific Revolution: Progress and Obstacles to Progress in the Sciences. Erkenntnis, 13(1), 407–416.
  69. Ruse, M. (1978). Darwin and Herschel. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 9(4), 323–331.
  70. Ruse, M. (1979). Philosophy of Biology Today: No Grounds for Complacency. Philosophia, 8(4), 785–796.
  71. Ruse, M. (1979). Review of the Biological Origin of Human Values. Environmental Ethics, 1, 181–185.
  72. Ruse, M. (1979). Review of Sociobiology and Behavior. Environmental Ethics, 1(2), 181–185.
  73. Ruse, M. (1979). Book Review: the Young Darwin and His Cultural Circle Edward Manier. Philosophy of Science, 46(1), 165-166-.
  74. Ruse, M. (1980). Charles Darwin and Group Selection. Annals of Science, 37(6), 615–630.
  75. Ruse, M. (1980). Is Science Sexist? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(2), 197–198.
  76. Ruse, M. (1981). Russell Vannoy, Sex Without Love—a Philosophical Exploration Reviewed By. Philosophy in Review, 1(1), 48–52.
  77. Ruse, M. (1981). Book Review: Darwinism and Human Affairs Richard D. Alexander. Philosophy of Science, 48(4), 627–.
  78. Ruse, M. (1981). Biology Versus Culture in Human Behaviour. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4(2), 250–251.
  79. Ruse, M. (1981). Darwinism and Human Affairs. Philosophy of Science, 48(4), 627–628.
  80. Ruse, M. (1981). Medicine as Social Science: The Case of Freud on Homosexuality. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 6(4), 361–386.
  81. Ruse, M. (1981). The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences. Roy Bhaskar. Isis, 72(3), 493–495.
  82. Ruse, M. (1981). Species as Individuals: Logical, Biological, and Philosophical Problems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4(2), 299–300.
  83. Ruse, M. (1981). Review of the Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw. Environmental Ethics, 3, 75–83.
  84. Ruse, M. (1982). Social Darwinism: The Two Sources. Rivista Di Filosofia, 22, 36.
  85. Ruse, M. (1982). Nature Animated: Historical and Philosophical Case Studies in Greek Medicine, Nineteenth Century and Recent Biology, Psychiatry, and Psychoanalysis/papers Deriving From the Third International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science, Montreal, Canada, 1980 Volume Ii. Springer.
  86. Ruse, M. (1982). Science Faction: The Mismeasure of Man by Stephen Jay Gould. Isis, 73(3), 430–431.
  87. Ruse, M. (1982). Response to the Commentary: Pro Judice. Science, Technology, and Human Values, 7(41), 19–23.
  88. Ruse, M. (1982). Morality as a Biological Phenomenon: The Presuppositions of Sociobiological Research by Gunther S. Stent. Isis, 73(4), 579–579.
  89. Ruse, M. (1982). Creation Science Is Not Science. Science, Technology and Human Values, 7(3), 72–78.
  90. Ruse, M. (1983). The Development of Darwin’s Theory: Natural History, Natural Theology, and Natural Selection, 1838 1859. Dov Ospovat. Isis, 74(2), 292–293.
  91. Ruse, M. (1983). Is Van Den Berghe in a New Paradigm? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 6(1), 113–114.
  92. Ruse, M. (1984). Evolution, Morality, and the Meaning of Life Jeffrie G. Murphy Totowa, Nj: Rowman and Littlefield, 1982. Pp. 158, Index. $14.95. Dialogue, 23(3), 527–530.
  93. Ruse, M. (1984). Abusing Science: The Case Against Creationism. Philosophy of Science, 51(2), 348–354.
  94. Ruse, M., & Lewontin, R. C. (1984). Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology, and Human Nature. Hastings Center Report, 14(6), 42.
  95. Ruse, M. (1984). The Morality of the Gene. The Monist, 67(2), 167–199.
  96. Ruse, M. (1984). Biological Science and Feminist Values. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1984, 525–542.
  97. Ruse, M. (1984). Genesis Revisited: Can We Do Better Than God? Zygon, 19(3), 297–316.
  98. Ruse, M. (1984). The Philosophy of Evolution Uffe J. Jensen and Rom Harre, Editors Brighton: Harvester, 1981. Pp. Vii, 299. £22.50. Dialogue, 23(1), 171–172.
  99. Ruse, M. (1984). The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology. Environmental Ethics, 6(1), 91–94.
  100. Ruse, M. (1984). Human Sociobiology: A Philosophical Perspective. Eidos: The Canadian Graduate Journal of Philosophy, 3(1), 46–88.
  101. Ruse, M. (1984). Abusing Science: The Case Against Creationism. Philip Kitcher. Philosophy of Science, 51(2), 348–354.
  102. Ruse, M. (1984). Is Science Sexist? Tijdschrift Voor Filosofie, 46(1), 171–172.
  103. Ruse, M. (1984). Abusing Science: The Case Against Creationism. Journal of the History of Biology, 17(1), 147–148.
  104. Ruse, M. (1986). Grünbaum on Psychoanalysis: Where Do We Go From Here? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9(2), 256–257.
  105. Ruse, M. (1986). Philip F. Rehbock, “the Philosophical Naturalists: Themes in Early Nineteenth Century British Biology”; Journal of the History of Philosophy, 24(3), 423-425.
  106. Ruse, M. (1986). Book Review: evolution and Creation Ernan Mc Mullin. Philosophy of Science, 53(4), 608–.
  107. Ruse, M. (1986). Book Reviews : Faces of Science. By v. v. Nalimov. Edited by Robert G. Colodny. Philadelphia: Isi Press, 1981. Pp. 298. $22.50 u.s.a., $25.50 in Other Countries. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 16(2), 249–251.
  108. Ruse, M. (1986). Sociobiology Moves Along. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 16(1), 141–149.
  109. Ruse, M. (1986). Commentary: The Academic as Expert Witness. Science, Technology, and Human Values, 11(2), 68–73.
  110. Ruse, M., & Wilson, E. O. (1986). Moral Philosophy as Applied Science. Philosophy, 61(236), 173–192.
  111. Ruse, M. (1986). Nature, Human Nature, and Society. International Studies in Philosophy, 18(3), 63–65.
  112. Ruse, M. (1986). Evolutionary Ethics: A Phoenix Arisen. Zygon, 21(1), 95–112.
  113. Ruse, M. (1987). Is Sociobiology a New Paradigm? Philosophy of Science, 54(1), 98–104.
  114. Ruse, M. (1987). Darwin’s Metaphor: Nature’s Place in Victorian Culture. British Journal for the History of Science, 20(1), 118–119.
  115. Ruse, M. (1987). Review. Synthese, 70(3), 459–462.
  116. Ruse, M. (1987). Darwinism and Determinism. Zygon, 22(4), 419–442.
  117. Ruse, M. (1987). Biological Species: Natural Kinds, Individuals, or What? British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 38(2), 225–242.
  118. Ruse, M. (1987). Robert M. Young. Darwin’s Metaphor: Nature’s Place in Victorian Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Pp. Xvii + 341. Isbn 0 521 31742 8. £27.50, $44.50 , £9.95, $15.95. British Journal for the History of Science, 20(1), 118–119.
  119. Ruse, M. (1988). Formal Thought and the Science of Man. International Studies in Philosophy, 20(1), 82–83.
  120. Ruse, M. (1988). Review of Michael Ruse: Taking Darwin Seriously: A Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy. Ethics, 98(2), 400–402.
  121. Ruse, M. (1988). Taking Darwin Seriously. A Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy. Tijdschrift Voor Filosofie, 50(1), 172–173.
  122. Ruse, M. (1988). Evolutionary Ethics: Healthy Prospect or Last Infirmity? Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 18(S1), 27–73.
  123. Ruse, M. (1988). Respecting Animals Values a Discussion Review of Tom Regan, the Case for Animal Rights. Journal for Agricultural Ethics, 1, 225–232.
  124. Ruse, M. (1988). Response to Williams: Selfishness Is Not Enough. Zygon, 23(4), 413–416.
  125. Ruse, M. (1988). Review of Richard D. Alexander: The Biology of Moral Systems. Ethics, 99(1), 182–183.
  126. Ruse, M. (1988). Book Review. Journal of Agricultural Ethics, 1(3), 225–232.
  127. Ruse, M. (1988). Rigorous Regularism: Physical Laws Without Necessity. Dialogue, 27(3), 523.
  128. Ruse, M. (1988). The Philosophy of Biology Comes of Age in Wissenschaftstheorie Am Ende Der 80er Jahre. Philosophia Naturalis, 25(3-4), 269–284.
  129. Ruse, M. (1988). Understanding Science Through Evolution: A Humanist Approach by Arnold M. Clark; Evolution and the Humanities by David Holbrook. Isis, 79(2), 284–285.
  130. Ruse, M. (1988). Book Review. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 1(3), 182–.
  131. Ruse, M., & Thompson, P. (1989). Neo Darwinism: Form and Content in an Intimate Relation. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 116, 495–512.
  132. Ruse, M. (1990). Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior (Review). Journal of the History of Philosophy, 28(1), 144–146.
  133. Ruse, M. (1990). Are Pictures Really Necessary? The Case of Sewell Wright’s “Adaptive Landscapes.” PSA Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1990(2), 62–77.
  134. Ruse, M. (1990). Evolutionary Ethics and the Search for Predecessors: Kant, Hume, and All the Way Back to Aristotle? Social Philosophy and Policy, 8(1), 59.
  135. Ruse, M. (1990). Making Use of Creationism. A Case Study for the Philosophy of Science Classroom. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 10(1), 81–92.
  136. Ruse, M. (1992). Interpreting Evolution. Teaching Philosophy, 15(3), 293–296.
  137. Ruse, M. (1992). Do the History of Science and the Philosophy of Science Have Anything to Say to Each Other? PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1992, 467 –.
  138. Ruse, M. (1993). Empiricism and Darwin’s Science by Fred Wilson. Isis, 84, 424–424.
  139. Ruse, M. (1993). Review of the Non Darwinian Revolution: Reinterpreting a Historical Myth by Peter Bowler; And of the Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society by Peter J. Bowler. Philosophy of Science, 60(1), 171–172.
  140. Ruse, M. (1993). Were Owen and Darwin Naturphilosophen? Annals of Science, 50(4), 383–388.
  141. Ruse, M. (1993). The Structure of Biological Theories. International Studies in Philosophy, 25(1), 109–110.
  142. Ruse, M. (1994). Editor’s Comments. Biology and Philosophy, 9(4), 437.
  143. Ruse, M. (1994). Evolutionary Biology and Cultural Values: Is It Irremediably Corrupt? Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Supplementary Volume, 20(sup1), 43–68.
  144. Ruse, M. (1994). A Few Last Words Until the Next Time! Zygon, 29(1), 75–79.
  145. Ruse, M. (1994). Editorial. Biology and Philosophy, 9(3), 263.
  146. Ruse, M. (1994). Booknotes. Biology and Philosophy, 9(2), 253–259.
  147. Ruse, M., Wilt, G. J., & Kuczewski, M. G. (1994). Book Reviews. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 15(4), 455–463.
  148. Ruse, M. (1994). From Belief to Unbelief and Halfway Back. Zygon, 29(1), 25–35.
  149. Ruse, M. (1994). Evolutionary Theory and Christian Ethics: Are They in Harmony? Zygon, 29(1), 5–24.
  150. Ruse, M. (1995). Gay Rights and Affirmative Action: A Response to Sartorelli. Analysis, 55(4), 271.
  151. Greene, J. C., & Ruse, M. (1996). On the Nature of the Evolutionary Process: The Correspondence Between Theodosius Dobzhansky and John C. Greene. Biology and Philosophy, 11(4), 445–491.
  152. Ruse, M. (1997). Darwinism Fleurit!darwin Et L’apres Darwin: Une Histoire De L’hypothese De Selection Naturelle. Jean Gayon Darwinism Evolving: Systems Dynamics and the Genealogy of Natural Selection. David J. Depew, Bruce H. Weber. Isis, 88(1), 111–117.
  153. Ruse, M. (1997). Sociobiology, Sex, and Science. International Studies in Philosophy, 29(4), 121–122.
  154. Ruse, M. (1998). Booknotes. Biology and Philosophy, 13(2), 301–307.
  155. Ruse, M. (1998). Development and Evolution. International Studies in Philosophy, 30(4), 144–145.
  156. Ruse, M. (1998). Answering the Creationists. Free Inquiry, 18(2).
  157. Ruse, M. (1998). Beyond Positivism and Relativism: Theory, Method, and Evidence. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 20(1), 93–94.
  158. Ruse, M. (1998). Booknotes. Biology and Philosophy, 13(3), 471–478.
  159. Ruse, M. (1998). Pat Duffy Hutcheon, Leaving the Cave: Evolutionary Naturalism in Social Scientific Thought. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 17(2/3), 155–158.
  160. Ruse, M. (1998). Philosophie De La Biologie. Francois Duchesneau. Isis, 89(3), 583–584.
  161. Ruse, M. (1998). Darwinism Evolving. International Studies in Philosophy, 30(4), 113–115.
  162. Ruse, M. (1998). Author’s Reply. Metascience, 7(1), 65–69.
  163. Ruse, M. (1998). Philosophy of Biology. International Studies in Philosophy, 30(4), 150–151.
  164. Ruse, M. (1998). Margaret A. Boden, Ed., the Philosophy of Artificial Life, Oxford Readings in Philosophy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, Viii + 405 Pp., 65.00 (Cloth), Isbn 0 19 875154 0; 19.95 (Paper), Isbn 0 19 875155. Minds and Machines, 9(1), 139–143.
  165. Ruse, M. (1999). Teleology and Biology: Some Thoughts on Ayala’s Analysis of Teleology. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 21(2), 187–194.
  166. Ruse, M. (1999). Booknotes. Biology and Philosophy, 14(3), 471–476.
  167. Ruse, M. (1999). Evolutionary Ethics: What Can We Learn From From the Past? Zygon, 34(3), 435–451.
  168. Ruse, M. (1999). Metaphor and Evolutionary Biology. Episteme,  8, 107–127.
  169. Ruse, M. (2000). Can a Darwinian Be a Christian? Sociobiological Issues. Zygon, 35(2), 299–316.
  170. Ruse, M. (2000). Is Evolutionary Biology a Different Kind of Science? Aquinas, 43(2), 251–282.
  171. Ruse, M. (2000). Darwin Studies: Phase Two. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 22(2), 295–298.
  172. Ruse, M. (2000). Teleology: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow? Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 31(1), 213–232.
  173. Ruse, M. (2000). Metaphor in Evolutionary Biology. Revue Internationale De Philosophie, 54(214), 593–619.
  174. Ruse, M. (2000). Review of Sober and Wilson, Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Ethics, 110(2), 443–445.
  175. Ruse, M. (2000). Booknotes 15.3. Biology and Philosophy, 15(3), 465–473.
  176. Ruse, M. (2000). Can a Darwinian Be a Christian? Ethical Issues. Zygon, 35(2), 287–298.
  177. Ruse, M. (2000). Review. Gay Science: The Ethics of Sexual Orientation Research. Tf Murphy. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 51(3), 487–493.
  178. Ruse, M. (2000). Sudden Origins: Fossils, Genes, and the Emergence of Species by Jeffrey H. Schwartz. Isis, 91(3), 608–609.
  179. Ruse, M. (2000). Booknotes. Biology and Philosophy, 15(2), 291–297.
  180. Ruse, M. (2001). Book Review: Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. Science, Technology, and Human Values, 26(3), 387–388.
  181. Ruse, M. (2001). Reduction in Biology. The Proceedings of the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, 10, 43–50.
  182. Ruse, M. (2001). Origins of Genius: Darwinian Perspectives on Creativity. Dean Keith Simonton. Isis, 92(3), 587–589.
  183. Ruse, M. (2001). Can a Darwinian Be a Christian? Philosophical Inquiry, 23(3), 156–159.
  184. Ruse, M. (2002). Social Darwinism Updated? Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 33(4), 753–760.
  185. Ruse, M. (2002). Response to My Critics. Zygon, 37(2), 457–460.
  186. Ruse, M. (2002). Darwinism and Christianity Redux. Philosophia Christi, 4(1), 189–194.
  187. Ruse, M. S. (2002). The Critique of Intellect: Henri Bergson’s Prologue to an Organic Epistemology. Continental Philosophy Review, 35(3), 281–302.
  188. Ruse, M. (2002). Can a Darwinian Be a Christian? Philosophia Christi, 4(1), 163–167.
  189. Ruse, M. (2002). Essay Review. Social Darwinism Updated? The Temptations of Evolutionary Ethics. Paul Lawrence Farber. University of California Press, 1994. Darwinian Natural Right: The Biological Ethics of Human Nature. Larry Arnhart. Suny Press, 1998. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 33(4), 753–760.
  190. Ruse, M. (2002). Robert Boyle and the Machine Metaphor. Zygon, 37(3), 581–596.
  191. Ruse, M. (2002). John Preston, Gonzalo Munevar and David Lamb (Eds), the Worst Enemy of Science? Essays in Memory of Paul Feyerabend. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 23(2), 290–290.
  192. Ruse, M. (2003). Models for Genetics. International Studies in Philosophy, 35(4), 151–152.
  193. Ruse, M. (2003). Science, Truth, and Democracy. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 81(2), 280–281.
  194. Ruse, M. (2003). Stephen Jay Gould. The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Ix + 1,433 Pp., Illus., Figs., Bibl., Index. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002. $39.95. Isis, 94(2), 397–398.
  195. Ruse, M. (2003). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Isis, 94, 397–398.
  196. Ruse, M. (2003). Darwinian Natural Right. International Studies in Philosophy, 35(4), 142–144.
  197. Michael, R. (2004). The Romantic Conception of Robert J. Richards. Journal of the History of Biology, 37(1), 3–23.
  198. Ruse, M. (2004). Review Of: Evelyn Fox Keller, Making Sense of Life: Explaining Biological Development With Models, Metaphors, and Machines. Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press, 2002. Annals of Science, 61(3), 389.
  199. Ruse, M. (2004). Darwinism and Atheism: A Marriage Made in Heaven? Think, 2(6), 51–62.
  200. Ruse, M. (2004). Bad Arguments About Darwinism. Think, 3(8), 41–46.
  201. Ruse, M. (2005). Darwinism and Mechanism: Metaphor in Science. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 36(2), 285–302.
  202. Ruse, M. (2005). Evo Devo: A New Evolutionary Paradigm? Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 56, 105–124.
  203. Ruse, M. (2005). Methodological Naturalism Under Attack. South African Journal of Philosophy, 24(1), 44–60.
  204. Ruse, M. (2005). Henry L. Minton. Departing From Deviance: A History of Homosexual Rights and Emancipatory Science in America. 360 Pp., Illus., Index. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. $20. Isis, 96(1), 149–150.
  205. Ruse, M. (2005). Ernst Mayr 1904–2005. Biology and Philosophy, 20(4), 623–631.
  206. Ruse, M. (2005). Intelligent Design Theory and Its Context. Think, 4(11), 7–16.
  207. Ruse, M. (2005). The Darwinian Revolution, as Seen in 1979 and as Seen Twenty Five Years Later in 2004. Journal of the History of Biology, 38(1), 3–17.
  208. Ruse, M. (2005). Immerse Yourself. The Philosophers’ Magazine, 31(31), 64–67.
  209. Ruse, M. (2005). The Divided Mind of Charles Darwin. Metascience, 14(2), 171–177.
  210. Ruse, M. (2005). Evo Devo: A New Evolutionary Paradigm? Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 56, 8–9.
  211. Ruse, M. (2006). The Evolution of the Philosophy of Biology. Biology and Philosophy, 21(3), 437–442.
  212. Ruse, M. (2006). Phil Dowe. Galileo, Darwin, and Hawking: The Interplay of Science, Reason, and Religion. Viii + 205 Pp. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 2005. $21. Isis, 97(2), 387–388.
  213. Ruse, M. (2006). Discussion. Biological Theory, 1(4), 402–403.
  214. Ruse, M. (2006). Forty Years a Philosopher of Biology: Why Evo Devo Makes Me Still Excited About My Subject. Biological Theory, 1(1), 35–37.
  215. Ruse, M. (2007). Essay Review: Restroom Reading. Journal of the History of Biology, 40(1), 179–184.
  216. Ruse, M. (2007). Scott F. Gilbert—second to the Right, Straight on Till Morning. Biological Theory, 2(2), 182–182.
  217. Aho, K. A., Berkowitz, C., Burke, P., Castellani, V., Dell’Olio, F., Drugus, L., Eichenhofe, E., Frey, D. S., Goldman, S. L., Gubman, B., Höjelid, S., Horn, J., Horowitz, I. L., Hutto, D. D., Lassman, P., Lindsay, H., & Ruse, M. (2007). Book Reviews. The European Legacy, 12(7), 891–928.
  218. Ruse, M. (2007). Richard Dawkins. The God Delusion. X + 406 Pp., App., Index. Boston/new York: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. $27. Isis, 98(4), 814–816.
  219. Ruse, M. (2007). Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species. Topoi, 26(1), 159–165.
  220. Ruse, M. (2007). My Journey in the World of Religion and Science. Zygon, 42(3), 577–582.
  221. Ruse, M. (2008). Review: Tim Lewens: Darwin. Mind, 117(468), 1094–1097.
  222. Ruse, M. (2009). Creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 47(3), pp. 464–466.
  223. Ruse, M. (2009). John Bellamy Foster;, Brett Clark;, Richard York. Critique of Intelligent Design: Materialism Versus Creationism From Antiquity to the Present. 240 Pp., Index. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2008. $15.95. Isis, 100(4), 883–884.
  224. Ruse, M. (2009). The Evolving World: Evolution in Everyday Life. Isis, 100, 385–385.
  225. Ruse, M. (2009). Darwin and Philosophy. Teorema: International Journal of Philosophy, 28(2), 15–33.
  226. Ruse, M. (2009). Robin Attfield: Creation, Evolution and Meaning. Acta Biotheoretica, 58(1), 81–84.
  227. Ruse, M. (2009). Creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity : Sedley D. n.creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 47(3), 464–466.
  228. Ruse, M. (2009). Darwinian Struggles: But Is There Progress? History of Science, 47(4), 407–430.
  229. Ruse, M. (2009). David P. Mindell. The Evolving World: Evolution in Everyday Life. Viii + 341 Pp., Illus., Tables, Index. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006. $16.95. Isis, 100(2), 385–385.
  230. Ruse, M. (2010). Evolution and Ethics. The Philosophers’ Magazine, 50(50), 94–95.
  231. Ruse, M. (2010). Darwinian Reductionism, Or, How to Stop Worrying and Love Molecular Biology – Alex Rosenberg Darwinian Populations and Natural Selection – Peter Godfrey Smith. Philosophical Quarterly, 60(238), 204–208.
  232. Ruse, M. (2010). David Hull: A Memoir. Biology and Philosophy, 25(5), 739–747.
  233. Ruse, M. (2010). Gaps in the Argument: A Discussion of Certain Aspects of Cosmology. Zygon, 45(1), 221–227.
  234. Ruse, M. (2010). Julian Huxley on Darwinian Evolution: A Snapshot of a Theory: Julian Huxley: Evolution the Modern Synthesis: The Definitive Edition. Edited by Massimo Pigliucci and Gerd B. Müller. Cambridge, Mass.: The Mit Press, 2010, Ix+770pp, Us$35.00 Pb. Metascience, 20(2), 329–333.
  235. Ruse, M. (2010). Darwinism Then and Now: The Divide Over Form and Function. Science & Education, 19(4-5), 367–389.
  236. Ruse, M. (2011). Evelyn Fox Keller, the Mirage of a Space Between Nature and Nurture. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2010. Pp. Viii+107. Isbn 978 0 8223 4731 6. £12.99. British Journal for the History of Science, 44(4), 617–618.
  237. Ruse, M. (2011). Making Room for Faith in an Age of Science: A Response to David Wisdo. Zygon, 46(3), 655–672.
  238. Ruse, M. (2011). Is Darwinism Past Its “Sell By” Date? The Origin of Species at 150. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 42(1), 5–11.
  239. Ruse, M. (2011). Science and Religion Today. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, 70(2), 167–177.
  240. Ruse, M. (2011). Mike Dixon;, Gregory Radick. Darwin in Ilkley. 126 Pp., Illus., Index. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press, 2009. £12.99. Isis, 102(1), 179–179.
  241. Ruse, M. (2011). Making Room for Faith in an Age of Science. Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association, 85, 43–58.
  242. Ruse, M. (2011). Darwin in Ilkley. Isis, 102, 179–179.
  243. Arribas, S., Bogue, R., Bottà, G., Breen, M. S., Brisolin, V., Campion, E. J., Cavallar, G., Deacon, R., Dietrich, D. J., Drake, R., Goldberg, B., Gorski, W., Greentree, R., Grimwood, T., Gubman, B., Havers, G., & Ruse, M. (2011). Book Reviews. The European Legacy, 16(4), 539–574.
  244. Durnin, M., Hoy, M., & Ruse, M. (2012). Genetic Testing and Insurance: The Complexity of Adverse Selection. Ethical Perspectives, 19(1), 123–154.
  245. Ruse, M. (2012). The Gym Teachers of Academia. The Philosophers’ Magazine, 58, 47–52.
  246. Ruse, M. (2012). Book Review. Journal of the History of Biology, 45(1), 175–177.
  247. Ruse, M. (2012). How Not to Solve the Science-Religion Conflict. Philosophical Quarterly, 62(248), 620–625.
  248. Ruse, M. (2012). Science and Values: My Debt to Ernan Mc Mullin. Zygon, 47(4), 666–685.
  249. Ruse, M. (2013). The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Isis, 104(3), 622–624.
  250. Ruse, M. (2013). Science and the Humanities: Stephen Jay Gould’s Quest to Join the High Table. Science & Education, 22(9), 2317–2326.
  251. Ruse, M. (2013). David N. Reznick’s the “Origin” Then and Now: An Interpretive Guide to the “Origin of Species”: A Précis. Science & Education, 22(9), 2295–2316.
  252. Ruse, M. (2013). Frederick Burkhardt;, James A. Secord;, Janet Browne;, Samantha Evans;, Shelley Innes;, Alison M. Pearn;, Paul White . The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Volume 19: 1871. Xli + 1,062 Pp., Illus., Table, Bibl., Index. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. £90. Isis, 104(3), 622–624.
  253. Takacs, P., & Ruse, M. (2013). The Current Status of the Philosophy of Biology. Science & Education, 22(1), 5–48.
  254. Ruse, M. (2013). Teaching the Classics: The Origin of Species as a Case Study. Science & Education, 22(9), 2255–2265.
  255. Ruse, M. (2013). Making Room for Faith: Does Science Exclude Religion? Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 37(1), 11–24.
  256. Ruse, M. (2014). Literature After Darwin: Human Beasts in Western Fiction, 1859–1939. The European Legacy, 19(6), 812–813.
  257. Ruse, M. (2014). Darwin Versus the Liberals: The Third Assault of the Intelligent Designers. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 46(1), 89–92.
  258. Ruse, M. (2014). Paul Hoyningen Huene, Systematicity: The Nature of Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press , Xiii+287 Pp., $65.00. Philosophy of Science, 81(2), 284–288.
  259. Ruse, M. (2015). Religion, Misallodoxy and the Teaching of Evolution: The Influence of Michael Matthews. Science & Education, 24(7-8), 815–820.
  260. Ruse, M. (2015). Why I Am an Accommodationist and Proud of It. Zygon, 50(2), 361–375.
  261. Ruse, M. (2015). Creationism Takes Its Message to Europe. Science & Education, 24(9-10), 1227–1230.
  262. Ruse, M. (2016). Eternal Bliss and Why I Am Not That Interested. The Philosophers’ Magazine, 72, 99–100.
  263. Ruse, M. (2016). An Entangled Bank: Charles Darwin and Romanticism: Robert M. Ryan: Charles Darwin and the Church of Wordsworth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, 209 Pp, £55 Hb. Metascience, 26(1), 137–143.
  264. Ruse, M. (2016). Evolutionary Biology and the Question of Teleology. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 58, 100–106.
  265. Ruse, M. (2017). The Christian’s Dilemma: Organicism or Mechanism? Zygon, 52(2), 442–467.
  266. Ruse, M. (2017). The Role of Biology in Philosophy: David Livingstone Smith: How Biology Shapes Philosophy: New Foundations for Naturalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, Xiv + 351 Pp, $99.99 Hb. Metascience, 26(2), 285–288.
  267. Ruse, M. (2019). Interview: Michael Ruse. Philosophy Now, 135, 54–56.
  268. Ruse, M. (2019). Why Did the Stegosaurus Have Plates, or Is Biology Second Rate Because It Thinks in Terms of Ends? Revista De Humanidades De Valparaíso, 14, 9–25.
  269. Ruse, M. (2019). Peter J. Woodford. The Moral Meaning of Nature: Nietzsche’s Darwinian Religion and Its Critics. X + 184 Pp., Notes, Bibl., Index. Chicago/london: University of Chicago Press, 2018. $30 . Isbn 9780226539898. Isis, 110(1), 200–201.
  270. Ruse, M. (2019). Can Christians Live With Extinction, or Will They Get Wiped Out? Philosophy, Theology and the Sciences, 6(1), 66.
  271. Ruse, M. (2020). Building Blocks of Morality. HTS Theological Studies, 76(1), 10.
  272. Ruse, M. (2020). Pseudoscience: Objective or Subjective? Disputatio, 9(13).
  273. Ruse, M. (2021). Willem Drees on the Humanities. Zygon, 56(3), 691–703.
  274. Ruse, M. (2021). Confessions of an Agnostic: Apologia Pro Vita Sua. Sophia, 60(3), 575–591.
  275. Ruse, M. (2022). The Dawkins Challenge. Zygon, 57(1), 181–199.
  276. Ruse, M. (2022). Evolution and Ethics Viewed From Within Two Metaphors: Machine and Organism. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 44(1), 1–17.
  277. Ruse, M. (2023). Life Without God: An Outsider’s Look at Atheism, Written by Rik Peels. Philosophia Reformata, 88(2), 147–152.
  278. Ruse, M. (2024). Introducción: “La Teoría Darwiniana De La Evolución.” Metatheoria – Revista De Filosofía E Historia De La Ciencia, 13(2), 17–31.
  279. Ruse, M. (2024). Teleología: ¿Ayer, Hoy Y Mañana? Metatheoria – Revista De Filosofía E Historia De La Ciencia, 13(2), 125–142.
  280. Ruse, M. (2024). Introduction: “The Darwinian Theory of Evolution.” Metatheoria – Revista De Filosofía E Historia De La Ciencia, 13(2), 3–16.
  281. Ruse, M. (2024). Ética Evolutiva: Un Fénix Levanta Vuelo. Metatheoria – Revista De Filosofía E Historia De La Ciencia, 13(2), 111–124.
  282. Ruse, M. (forthcoming). Come Fu Che Un Quacchero Perse Dio E Trovò Darwin. La Società Degli Individui.

Book chapters

  1. Ruse, M. (1986). Teleology and the Biological Sciences. In N. Rescher (Ed.), Current Issues in Teleology (p. 61). University Press of America.
  2. Ruse, M. (1991). William Whewell: Omniscientist. In M. Fisch & S. Schaffer (Eds.), William Whewell: A Composite Portrait. Clarendon Press.
  3. Ruse, M. (1993). The New Evolutionary Ethics. In M. H. Nitecki & D. V. Nitecki (Eds.), Evolutionary Ethics (pp. 133–162). SUNY Press.
  4. Ruse, M., & Wilson, E. O. (1994). Moral Philosophy as Applied Science. In E. Sober (Ed.), Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology (pp. 61–421). The Mit Press. Bradford Books.
  5. Ruse, M. (1995). Is Homosexuality Bad Sexuality. In R. M. Stewart (Ed.), Philosophical Perspectives on Sex and Love (pp. 113–124). Oup Usa.
  6. Ruse, M. (1998). Introduction to Part Vii. In D. L. Hull & M. Ruse (Eds.), The philosophy of biology. Oxford University Press.
  7. Ruse, M. (1998). Bringing in Culture: How the Study of Metaphor Enriches Evolutionary Epistemology. In A. A. Derksen (Ed.), The promise of evolutionary epistemology (pp. 5–157). Tilburg University Press.
  8. Ruse, M. (1999). Darwin and the Philosophers. In R. Creath & J. Maienschein (Eds.), Biology and epistemology (p. 3). Cambridge University Press.
  9. Ruse, M. (2000). The Theory of Punctuated Equilibria. In P. K. Machamer, M. Pera, & Baltas Aristeide?s (Eds.), Scientific controversies: philosophical and historical perspectives (p. 230). Oxford University Press.
  10. Ruse, M. (2002). Evolutionary Biology and Teleological Thinking. In Ariew Andre, R. Cummins, & M. Perlman (Eds.), Functions: New Essays in the Philosophy of Psychology and Biology (pp. 33–60). Oxford University Press.
  11. Ruse, M. (2003). Modern Biologists and the Argument From Design. In N. A. Manson (Ed.), God and design: the teleological argument and modern science. Routledge.
  12. Ruse, M. (2003). On Behalf of the Fool. In J. A. Campbell & S. C. Meyer (Eds.), Darwinism, design, and public education (pp. 475–485). Michigan State University Press.
  13. Ruse, M. (2003). Evolutionary Naturalism. In A. J. Sanford & P. N. Johnson-Laird (Eds.), The nature and limits of human understanding (pp. 401–405). T & T Clark.
  14. Ruse, M. (2003). A Darwinian Understanding of Epistemology. In A. J. Sanford & P. N. Johnson-Laird (Eds.), The nature and limits of human understanding (p. 111). T & T Clark.
  15. Ruse, M. (2003). Belief in God in a Darwinian Age. In J. Hodge & G. Radick (Eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Darwin (p. 333). Cambridge University Press.
  16. Cuddington, K., & Ruse, M. (2004). Biodiversity, Darwin, and the Fossil Record. In M. Oksanen & J. Pietarinen (Eds.), Philosophy and Biodiversity (pp. 101–118). Cambridge University Press.
  17. Ruse, M. (2005). Evolutionary Biology and the Question of Trust. In N. Koertge (Ed.), Scientific Values and Civic Virtues (p. 99). OUP Usa.
  18. Ruse, M. (2006). Kant and Evolution. In J. E. H. Smith (Ed.), The Problem of Animal Generation in Early Modern Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.
  19. Ruse, M. (2008). The Philosophy of Evolutionary Theory. In A. Tucker (Ed.), A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography (pp. 307–317). Wiley-Blackwell.
  20. Ruse, M. (2008). Alfred Russel Wallace, the Discovery of Natural Selection, and the Origins of Humankind. In O. Harman & M. Dietrich (Eds.), Rebels, Mavericks, and Heretics in Biology (p. 20). Yale University Press.
  21. Ruse, M. (2009). The View From Somewhere: A Critical Defense of Evolutionary Epistemology. In M. Ruse (Ed.), Philosophy After Darwin: Classic and Contemporary Readings (pp. 247–275). Princeton University Press.
  22. Ruse, M. (2009). The Biological Sciences Can Act as a Ground for Ethics. In Ayala Francisco Jose? & R. Arp (Eds.), Contemporary debates in philosophy of biology (pp. 297–315). Wiley-Blackwell.
  23. Ruse, M. (2009). The Biological Sciences Can Act as a Ground for Ethics. In Ayala Francisco Jose? & R. Arp (Eds.), Contemporary debates in philosophy of biology. Wiley-Blackwell.
  24. Swift, A., Swinburne, R., Jackson, F., Benn, P., Double, R., Mason, M., Jackson, R., Ruse, M., Sidelle, A., & Bradie, M. (2009). Issue Six• Spring 2004. In D. Papineau (Ed.), Philosophy (p. 175003). Oxford University Press.
  25. Ruse, M., & Wilson, E. O. (2009). Moral Philosophy as Applied Science. In M. Ruse (Ed.), Philosophy After Darwin: Classic and Contemporary Readings (pp. 365–379). Princeton University Press.
  26. Ruse, M. (2009). Evolution and Ethics: The Sociobiological Approach. In M. Ruse (Ed.), Philosophy After Darwin: Classic and Contemporary Readings (pp. 489–511). Princeton University Press.
  27. Ruse, M. (2009). The Origin of the Origin. In M. Ruse & R. J. Richards (Eds.), The Cambridge companion to the “Origin of species”. Cambridge University Press.
  28. Ruse, M. (2010). Biology. In J. Skorupski (Ed.), The Routledge Companion to Ethics. Routledge.
  29. Ruse, M. (2010). Evolution and the Idea of Social Progress. In D. Alexander & R. L. Numbers (Eds.), Biology and Ideology From Descartes to Dawkins. University of Chicago Press.
  30. Ruse, M. (2010). Atheism, Naturalism and Science: Three in One? In P. Harrison (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Science and Religion. Cambridge University Press.
  31. Ruse, M. (2011). The Place of Artificial Selection in Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Through Natural Selection. In G. J. Morgan (Ed.), Philosophy of Science Matters: The Philosophy of Peter Achinstein (p. 203). Oxford University Press.
  32. Ruse, M. (2011). Evolutionary Medicine. In M. H. Brinkworth & F. Weinert (Eds.), Evolution 2.0: implications of Darwinism in philosophy and the social and natural sciences (pp. 177–189). Springer.
  33. Ruse, M. (2012). The Compatibility of Science and Religion: Why the Warfare Thesis Is False. In Y. Nagasawa (Ed.), Scientific Approaches to the Philosophy of Religion (p. 255). Palgrave-Macmillan.
  34. Ruse, M. (2012). Darwinism and Atheism. In J. B. Stump & A. G. Padgett (Eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity (pp. 246–257). Wiley-Blackwell.
  35. Ruse, M. (2013). Naturalism and the Scientific Method. In S. Bullivant & M. Ruse (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism (p. 383). Oxford University Press UK.
  36. Ruse, M. (2013). Popular Science to Professional Science. In M. Pigliucci & M. Boudry (Eds.), Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem (p. 225). University of Chicago Press.
  37. Ruse, M. (2013). Form and Function in Biology: Placing Brian Goodwin. In B. C. Goodwin, D. Lambert, C. Chetland, & C. Millar (Eds.), The intuitive way of knowing: a tribute to Brian Goodwin. Floris Books.
  38. Wilson, E. O., & Ruse, M. (2013). Heredity” and “The Evolution of Ethics”. In J. Foss (Ed.), Science and the World: Philosophical Approaches. Broadview Press.
  39. Bullivant, S., & Ruse, M. (2013). Introduction. In S. Bullivant & M. Ruse (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. Oxford University Press UK.
  40. Ruse, M. (2013). Creationism Considered”. In J. Foss (Ed.), Science and the World: Philosophical Approaches. Broadview Press.
  41. Ruse, M. (2013). Natural Theology: The Biological Sciences. In J. H. Brooke, F. Watts, & R. R. Manning (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Natural Theology (p. 397). Oxford Up.
  42. Ruse, M. (2014). Evolution and Ethics in Victorian Britain. In W. J. Mander (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of British Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford University Press.
  43. Ruse, M. (2018). Evolution and the Naturalistic Fallacy. In N. Sinclair (Ed.), The Naturalistic Fallacy. Cambridge University Press.
  44. Ruse, M. (2019). Removing God From Biology. In P. Harrison & J. H. Roberts (Eds.), Science Without God?: Rethinking the History of Scientific Naturalism. Oxford University Press.
  45. Ruse, M. (2019). Evil and Atheistic Moral Skepticism. In W. P. Franks (Ed.), Explaining Evil: Four Views. Bloomsbury Academic.
  46. Ruse, M. (2019). Evolution. In G. Oppy (Ed.), A Companion to Atheism and Philosophy (pp. 323–339). Blackwell.
  47. Ruse, M. (2023). Origin’s Chapter Iv: The Newton of the Blade of Grass. In M. E. Brzezinski Prestes (Ed.), Understanding Evolution in Darwin’s “Origin”: The Emerging Context of Evolutionary Thinking (pp. 245–259). Springer.
  48. Ruse, M. (2024). Hatred: Why Do Such Nice People Do Such Awful Things? In S. Chakraborty (Ed.), Human Minds and Cultures (pp. 89–107). Springer Nature Switzerland. 

 

Books

 

  1. Ruse, M. (1973). Philosophy of Biology. Prometheus Books.
  2. Ruse, M. (1979). Sociobiology: Sense or Nonsense? Reidel.
  3. Ruse, M. (1979). The Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw. University of Chicago Press.
  4. Ruse, M. (1981). Is Science Sexist?: And Other Problems in the Biomedical Sciences. Springer.
  5. Ruse, M. (1986). Taking Darwin Seriously: A Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy. Prometheus Books.
  6. Ruse, M. (1988). Homosexuality: A Philosophical Inquiry. Blackwell.
  7. Ruse, M. (1988). Philosophy of Biology Today: On the Outside of Europe Looking In. State University of New York Press.
  8. Ruse, M. (1989). The Darwinian Paradigm: Essays on Its History, Philosophy, and Religious Implications. Routledge.
  9. Ruse, M. (1989). What the Philosophy of Biology Is: Essays Dedicated to David Hull. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  10. Ruse, M. (1995). Evolutionary Naturalism: Selected Essays. Routledge.
  11. Hull, D. L., & Ruse, M. (1998). The Philosophy of Biology. Oxford University Press.
  12. Ruse, M. (1999). Mystery of Mysteries: Is Evolution a Social Construct? Harvard University Press
  13. Maienschein, J., & Ruse, M. (1999). Biology and the Foundation of Ethics. Cambridge University Press.
  14. Ruse, M. (2000). The Evolution Wars: A Guide to the Debates. ABC-CLIO.
  15. Ruse, M. (2001). Can a Darwinian Be a Christian?: The Relationship Between Science and Religion. Cambridge University Press.
  16. Ruse, M. (2003). Darwin and Design: Does Evolution Have a Purpose? Harvard University Press.
  17. Dembski William, A., & Ruse, M. (2004). Debating Design: From Darwin to Dna. Cambridge University Press.
  18. Lustig, A., Richards, R. J., & Ruse, M. (2004). Darwinian Heresies. Cambridge University Press.
  19. Ruse, M. (2006). Darwinism and Its Discontents. Cambridge University Press.
  20. Hull, D. L., & Ruse, M. (2007). The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Biology. Cambridge University Press.
  21. Ruse, M. (2008). Evolution and Religion: A Dialogue. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  22. Pennock, R. T., & Ruse, M. (2008). But Is It Science?: The Philosophical Question in the Creation/evolution Controversy. Prometheus Books.
  23. Ruse, M. (2008). Charles Darwin. Blackwell.
  24. Ruse, M. (2008). The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Biology. Oxford University Press.
  25. Ruse, M., & Travis, J. (2009). Evolution: The First Four Billion Years. Harvard University Press.
  26. Ruse, M. (2009). Philosophy After Darwin: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Princeton University Press.
  27. Ruse, M., & Richards, R. J. (2009). The Cambridge Companion to the “Origin of Species”. Cambridge University Press.
  28. Ruse, M. (2009). Evolution and Ethics. Princeton University Press.
  29. Ruse, M. (2009). Defining Darwin: Essays on the History and Philosophy of Evolutionary Biology. Prometheus Books.
  30. Ruse, M. (2009). The Evolution Wars: A Guide to the Debates. Grey House.
  31. Ruse, M. (2010). Science and Spirituality: Making Room for Faith in the Age of Science. Cambridge University Press.
  32. Ruse, M. (2012). The Philosophy of Human Evolution. Cambridge University Press.
  33. Bullivant, S., & Ruse, M. (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. Oxford University Press UK.
  34. Lineweaver, C. H., Davies, P. C. W., & Ruse, M. (2013). Complexity and the Arrow of Time. Cambridge University Press.
  35. Ruse, M. (2013). The Gaia Hypothesis: Science on a Pagan Planet. University of Chicago Press.
  36. Ruse, M. (2013). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Darwin and Evolutionary Thought. Cambridge University Press.
  37. Ruse, M. (2015). Atheism: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oup Usa.
  38. Peterson, M. L., & Ruse, M. (2016). Science, Evolution, and Religion: A Debate About Atheism and Theism. Oxford University Press USA.
  39. Ruse, M. (2016). Darwinism as Religion: What Literature Tells Us About Evolution. Oxford University Press USA.
  40. Richards, R. J., & Ruse, M. (2016). Debating Darwin. University of Chicago Press USA.
  41. Larson, E. J., & Ruse, M. (2017). On Faith and Science. Yale University Press.
  42. Ruse, M., & Richards, R. J. (2017). The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Ethics. Cambridge University Press.
  43. Ruse, M. (2017). On Purpose. Princeton University Press.
  44. Ruse, M. (2018). The Problem of War: Darwinism, Christianity, and Their Battle to Understand Human Conflict. Oup Usa.
  45. Ruse, M. (2019). A Meaning to Life. Oup Usa.
  46. Franks, W. P. (2019). Explaining Evil: Four Views. Bloomsbury Academic.
  47. Ruse, M. (2019). Monotheism and Contemporary Atheism. Cambridge University Press.
  48. Ruse, M. (2019). The Darwinian Revolution. Cambridge University Press.
  49. Davies, B., & Ruse, M. (2020). Taking God Seriously: Two Different Voices. Cambridge University Press.
  50. Ruse, M. (2021). A Philosopher Looks at Human Beings. Cambridge University Press.
  51. O’Connell, J., & Ruse, M. (2021). Social Darwinism. Cambridge University Press.
  52. Ruse, M. (2022). Why We Hate: Understanding the Roots of Human Conflict. OUP Usa.
  53. Ruse, M. (2024). Charles Darwin: No Rebel, Great Revolutionary. Cambridge University Press.

Citação bibliográfica deste artigo:

CARLOS, Anderson Ricardo; PAVANI, Marcelo Monetti; PRESTES, Maria Elice Brzezinski. Michael Ruse (1940–2024): Michael Ruse (1940–2024): A Monumental Legacy in the Philosophy and History of Biology. Boletim de História e Filosofia da Biologia, 18 (4), dez. 2024. Versão online disponível em: https://www.abfhib.org. Acesso em: dd/mm/aaaa. [colocar a data de acesso à versão online]

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